Monday, September 30, 2019

The Vinaya Pitaka

The Vinaya Pitaka The Buddhist Canon is called the Tipitaka (literally ‘3 baskets’) and consists of three distinct collections of the teachings of the Buddha designated, respectively, Sutta Pitaka (SP), Vinaya Pitaka (VP) and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (ABP). The SP contains the discourses of the Buddha while ABP deals with the metaphysical aspects of Buddha’s teaching. VP embodies a comprehensive account of the rules of monastic discipline framed for the conduct and guidance of Bhikkus and Bhikkunis.Buddha personally supervised the Bhikkus and Bhikkunis for 20 years without any specific rules and framed rules only when the numbers increased and rules became necessary. Buddha at Parinibbana nominated no successor and directed that whatever Dhamma and Vinaya was preached by Him, that will be the Teacher. All the rules were recited with reference to their subject, background and application and codified as the Vinaya Pitaka at the 1st council. The VP is divided and sub-d ivided in the following manner : 1. Sutta Vibhanga a)Maha Vibhanga (Bhikku Vibhanga) b)Bhikkuni Vibhanga 2. Kandhaka a)Mahavagga b)Cullavagga 3.Parivara Sutta Vibhanga contains the Pratimoksha Sutta (Principal rules of Discipline) which is the nucleus of the Vinaya. Rules are framed in the form of offences and failures to observe norms of conduct. Sikkhapada rules (220 for Bhikkus & 304 for Bhikkunis) are classified according to their seriousness under different categories in the following manner : CategoryNo. for BhikkusNo. for Bhikkunis Parajika48 Sanghadisesa1317 Nissagiya pacittiya3030 Aniyata20 Pacittiya92166 Patidesaniya48 Sekhiya7575 220304 Adhikarana samatha77 (Disciplinary action procedures) †¢Parajika are the most grave offences and are inexcusable.The offending monk is expelled from the sasana. Sanghadisesa offender can be restored after he has undergone certain penalties and maintained good behaviour. Other offences can be excused after making a confession. Sekhiya rules are norms of conduct for a descent life and are not treated as offences. Mahavagga opens with a historical account of the development of the Buddha sasana from Buddha’s enlightenment up to the conversion of Kolita and Upatissa (chief disciples) and deals with the following subjects in the other chapters. (a)Procedures for the fortnight assembly (uposatha kamma) b)Residence during the rainy season (vassana and pavarana) (c)Rules for ecclesiastical acts (vinaya kamma) and for personal hygiene. Cullavagga is a continuation of the Mahavagga and deals with the following subjects : (a)Punishment for violation of rules (b)Hospitality towards visiting monks from other monasteries (c)The dissention caused by Devadatta (d)Establishment of the Bhikkuni order (e)1st and 2nd Buddhist councils. Parivara is the 5th volume of the VP and is of secondary importance. This text is believed to be a compilation made in Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

An Overview of Four Government Agency Websites Essay

The FNS website is dedicated to providing information regarding the distribution and availability of food throughout the United States. In relation to this, the site also contains data on nutrition, and well it is maintained across different regions and population groups. Statistical information on child nutrition, food distribution, as well as food security are all made accessible to the public; furthermore, statistical data on FNS programs, such as those on school meals and disaster relief, are available as well (FNS, 2010). In addition to such, other parts of the website also provide useful information. For example, accomplished studies and articles on issues in food and nutrition are also maintained in the reference section of the site. Similar to the website of other government agencies, the FNS website also contains instruction of how to apply for grants as well as jobs within the agency. Without doubt, for gaining insights on topics related to food and nutrition, and in the pursuit of remaining updated regarding the trends regarding such matters, the FNS website is a suitable option. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) At present, environmental issues are evidently among the most discussed topics throughout the world. The EPA website provides its visitors information regarding various aspects of the environment particularly in the context of the United States. In this sense, not only does the site present statistical information on air quality according to region, but similar data regarding harmful emissions are also provided; interestingly, statistics on toxic releases are also made accessible to the general public (EPA, 2010). Also, aside from having news features about the environment, which of course encompasses the recent oil spill incident, supplementary information on how to maintain a responsible lifestyle for preserving and enhancing the natural environment are also featured in the site. In relation to such, it is apparent that the EPA website designed in a manner that even younger audiences may benefit from its features. Nonetheless, despite being approachable by a wide range of audiences, it is undeniable that experts and researchers would benefit from the abundance of updated statistical information which may be found on the EPA website. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) The FAA, as its name implies, is mainly concerns with safety in the field of aviation. In this sense though, the issues covered by the FAA ranges from aircraft safety to pilot competency. FAA’s website offers a myriad of information readily accessible by any visitor. For one, it provides means to locate FAA offices and headquarters throughout various locations in the United States; in addition, a range of general as well as in-depth discussions pertaining to aircraft safety, traffic, policies, and even training are all available (FAA, 2010). Of course, given such a broad range of topics being assessed by the FAA, it is logical to assume that the types of statistical information correspond to such. In particular, statistical information on accidents, traffic, and consumer related aspects such as sales could be accessed through the FAA website; interestingly, statistical information on delays as well as pilot test results have been made available as well (FAA, 2010). Thus, it may be said, that the amount of statistical information on the FAA website, presents it as among the government agencies with the most abundant and detailed statistical information available. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) Economics, in order to be understood at a functional level, of course entails the use and analysis of statistical information. Hence, the BEA provides concerned individuals with access to updated statistical information of the United States economy. Specifically, not only does the BEA website contain data regarding the local economy and the specific facets of the economy but it also provides information regarding international accounts as well; among some of the easily identifiable examples of statistical information shown on the BEA website are as follows: real GDP, personal income, international trade, and international transactions (BEA, 2010). Of course, aside from such, the website still contains less technical information such as news updates. For one, the oil spill incident as well as its implications for the United States economy is presented as one of the news highlights (BEA, 2010). Other related links containing business surveys, customer guides, research applications, and job openings are also available. Indeed, the BEA website contains a myriad of useful information, ranging from practical to the most technical, maintaining the economic awareness of the population. References Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2010). BEA Home Page. Retrieved from http://www. bea. gov/. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Learn the Issues. Retrieved from http://www. epa. gov/epahome/learn. htm. Federal Aviation Administration. (2010). FAA Home Page. Retrieved from http://www. faa. gov/. Food and Nutrition Service. (2010). Data and Statistics. Retrieved from http://www. fns. usda. gov/fns/data. htm.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Comparative Essay: the Elegy

The poems â€Å"In Memoriam,† by Alfred Lord Tennyson and â€Å"The Unknown Citizen,† by W. H. Auden are opposite in their general approach and poetic structure and effectively leave different impressions on the reader. Through Tennyson’s lyrical and expressive approach, â€Å"In Memoriam† draws our attention to the pain and acceptance of human loss. However, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen,† with its non-traditional poetic form and unusual perspective, makes us think about the ways in which we define human importance in modern society. Each of the two poems uses different poetic devices to communicate their messages.Tennyson’s stanzas are written in quatrains following the rhyme pattern of ABBA. Each stanza resolves itself, making it unnatural for the reader to easily move on to the next verse. Through this construction the reader experiences Tennyson’s struggle to move on with life after the resolution of his loss. This resilience is embod ied in the reading of the poem due to its great length as a compilation of 131 poems. In contrast, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† follows a sporadic yet witty rhyme pattern throughout its brief 29 lines, including patterns such as ABAB, AA, BB, and ABBCCA which makes it less lyrical.The rhymes in this poem happen seamlessly yet do not distract the reader from the main informative focus of each line. Tennyson’s use of repetition and alliteration within stanzas in poems 8 and 115 communicate the personal and emotional qualities of the poem: He saddens, all the magic light Dies off at once from bower and hall And the place is dark, and all The Chambers emptied of delight †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Now rings the woodland loud and long The distance takes a lovelier hue And drowned in yonder living blue The Lark becomes a sig htless song (Tennyson, 8, 115)As displayed in these verses, the mood of â€Å"In Memoriam† shifts from sadness early on in section 8 towards happiness much later in section 115. The repetition of the word â€Å"all† in relation to the absence of light and people in the common places like the ‘bower’ (garden) and hallways, leaves the reader with an emptied feeling and a sense of total loss. Later on, alliteration is used to emphasize words with positive connotations such as â€Å"loud† â€Å"long† â€Å"lovelier† and â€Å"living. † The loud and long distances of the woodland now seem vibrant and full of hope for the future.Through these lyrical verses, the reader enjoys the beauty in nature’s sights and sounds. In â€Å"The Unknown Citizen†, Auden uses a simpler more neutral approach omitting devices such as alliteration and repetition, which makes his elegy more of a report than an expressive or celebratory reflec tion like that of Tennyson’s. By Auden’s straightforward approach, the reader immediately gets an understanding from the first two lines about who is reporting on the death and what was thought about the unknown citizen.There is no presentation or development of emotional themes associated with mourning: He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be One against whom there was no official complaint, (Auden, 1-2) Throughout the rest of the poem Auden simply quantifies and qualifies the subject’s worldly belongings and accomplishments: He was fully sensible to the advantages of the Installment Plan And had everything necessary to the Modern Man, A phonograph, a radio, a car and a Frigidaire. Auden, 19-21) â€Å"In Memoriam† follows a natural emotional process that is characteristic of the elegy and reminds the reader of elements of Kubler Ross’s five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. â€Å"The Unknown Citizenâ⠂¬  uses the elegy in an unconventional way; not to mourn the death of a real person, but to intellectually address the notion of an idealized citizen. This reminds the reader of Sigmund Freud’s theory of mourning where a loss can be that of an abstraction rather than a specific person. The poem acknowledges the citizen’s lifelong achievements which appear adequate but mundane.It is not until the ending couplet that we get a sense of what Auden is communicating when he introduces the notion of an emotional theme for the first time: Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd: Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard. (Auden, 28-29) It appears that Auden is asking the reader to contemplate the process by which we evaluate a person’s life. Although the bureaucracy of society might be content with our conduct, we should be aware of how statistics and research ignore our quality of life as unique individuals.In comparison, each elegy communicat es a different experience of mourning and is deliberate in what it impresses on the reader. When reading Tennyson’s poem, I feel as though I am participating in a genuine process of human mourning through a real life perspective and lyrical poetic structure. When reading Auden’s poem I feel detached from the subject, due to his hypothetical point of view and lack of expressive poetry. The two elegies impact the reader in different ways they are both extremely effective in their objectives.

Friday, September 27, 2019

W 4 OIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W 4 OIS - Essay Example Clearly, architecture is needed for a number of reasons, two of which are for the purposes of integration and standardization of an organization’s operating model (Blunt, Jones and Richard, 2003). At every point in time within the organizational development, the enterprise business model and the enterprise strategy are seen to lie apart as two independent components of the organization, that must be developed; one devoid of the other in order to bring change and success. Through architecture, there is a bridge developed between the two components of the organizational development agenda, making it possible to effectively integrate the two components into a single variable. On the issue of standardization, Blunt, Jones and Richard (2003) observed that at every point within the enterprise process such as planning, analysis, implementation, monitoring, and closure phases, it is important that a common scope of objective, aim and goal be carried out. This is necessary in ensuring that any completed enterprise or system development will be done according to a set scope. Through architecture, all these phases are given a common standardized scope to ensure that the system satisfied a uniform code (Wager, Lee and Glaser,

Thursday, September 26, 2019

601.2.1.07 stages of reflection human development Essay

601.2.1.07 stages of reflection human development - Essay Example The next level is analysis, exploration and reason, which requires us to make a detailed analysis of our surroundings. The use of pedagogical terms is needed to describe the teaching situation along with clear examples to create a through understanding. The next level, connections to other effective teaching practices, basically consists of relating the used strategies of teaching to other teaching strategies that we are or might be studying. The point is to link the two sides and identify similarities and compare. The fourth level, evaluation, requires us to make detailed judgments about the teaching situation in terms of attitudes, behaviors, response and outcomes. To support these judgments, clear examples are needed. Recommendation is the next level, in which the requirement is to provide an alternative strategy which would be suitable for the situation and would result in improvement. The final level is personal meaning and professional growth. At this level, we need to describe how the teaching situation affected us and how it inspired us in our own ways. Later on, as we progress, these teaching situations would lead us to come up with our own ‘teaching philosophy’, suitable for us. Reflection helps us learn from our experiences. In our lives, everyday, we experience numerous events, both pleasant and unpleasant. But do we really learn from them? Deep thinking and pondering over these would enable us to analyze such events; why did they happen? How did they happen? If they were bad, how can we avoid them? How were people affected by our actions? How can I make it better? These are just some of the questions that we might be able to answer if we reflect. It will not just help us in our own self-contained world of personal improvement, but provide a bigger picture on how can improve the world around us. How our actions impact our surroundings, how we can make it a better place and,

Genome-Wide Association Study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Genome-Wide Association Study - Term Paper Example This belief later changed when some other complex diseases came into existence and many people were worried since they could not identify the causes of these dangerous diseases. They suggested another study called genetic association. This study focused on the genetic variations in the individuals who tested to be suffering from the diseases. This study was showed more improvements from the first one that linked the diseases with family inheritance. More projects were intensified which led to the genome-wide association study, well known as GWAS. GWAS is a study which is used to examine variations in genetics belonging to many individuals to identify how the variants have an association with a particular trait. However, GWAS has been identified as the best tool to be used in finding out the major causes of human mortality. One of the fields where GWAS has been used is the studies on the breast cancer (Huang, 2009). History of GWAS Genome-wide association studies have been in taking p lace for the last five years. It has led to very many discoveries in the science fields despite the fact it is associated with many problems that make some people to criticize it. GWAS has been criticized by many journalists and scientist more especially on the way of study and the results achieved. Nevertheless, this study is improving in the way of research as high technology is applied in the most of its areas of concern (Visscher, Peter, Matthew Brown, Mark, McCarthy & Yang, 2012). Various studies have improved the development of GWAS in the scientific field. The uses of linkage analysis to associate the genetic variants with a certain disease of traits have made scientists to give wrong conclusions for the last 20 years. This is because linkage mapping could not when the number of recombination is very large. It only worked with small recombination number. GWAS, at population level, used linkage disequilibrium (LD). Linkage disequilibrium deals with how alleles at some differen t loci are associated non-randomly. This LD was weakened by the large population that was used. HapMap project investigated the LD structure and a list of SNPs was found. These SNPs had captured common genomic variations of the human population. Technology together control samples of population cohorts accelerated the possibility of conducting GWASs. The linkage disequilibrium between un-genotyped variants and the genotyped SNPs determines the GWAS (Visscher, Peter, Matthew Brown, Mark, McCarthy & Yang, 2012). The first GWAS was known in 2005. The first to be taken as the starting point paper was the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) in 2007. This is because this paper covered GWAS for the most complex diseases by using a SNP chip that covered genome correctly. There many discoveries of GWAS that have been done in the last five years. This study has emphasized more on biology rather than discoveries as compared to the past studies. Currently, more than 2000 loci can be associated to a particular trait that is more complex. Before 2007, loci association to a disease was not known (Visscher, Peter, Matthew Brown, Mark, McCarthy & Yang, 2012). GWAS has investigated more complex traits and many loci have been identified but not all of them have been completed. This is because of inadequate statistical significance caused by false negatives. Many findings have been

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Topic of the paper will focus on a criminal case that has been Essay - 1

Topic of the paper will focus on a criminal case that has been adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court and has implications on the criminal justice system - Essay Example The court thus proceeded to assign him one by the name of Kirk McAllister who was a veteran defense lawyer. As the case proceeded, however, Scott Peterson later stated that he would be able to afford a private attorney after all and hired the services of Mark Geragos who had handled other high profile cases similar to his (Crier & Thompson, 2005). The judge appointed to the case later on moved the trial from Modesto, California where the crime had been committed to Redwood City in the year 2004 due an increase in hostility towards the defendant (Scott Peterson). The judge felt that due to this hostility, the judge felt that Scott would not be able to receive a fair trial in Modesto as individuals in that region had already perceived him as guilty and it would have been impossible to get a non bias jury in that area (Beratlis et al, 2007). The hostility was due to the type of coverage that the case received from the media. (Bird, 2005) The news had already portrayed Scott Peterson as an inhumane individual who was accountable for the death of an innocent woman and an unborn child. They covered the story as if the defendant was guilty, and the process of the trial was just a preliminary to the inevitable end result of a guilty verdict. In order to ensure that Scott Peterson would be able to get a fair trial, the judged moved the case to another area away from Modesto, where the residents felt bereaved as they had lost one of their own. It should b noted, however, that the coverage of the country was country wide, and thus it cannot be said how much the move changed matters in terms of the defendants portrayal (Beratlis et al, 2007). The main witness of the prosecution also hired her own attorney who played a big role as a sympathizer to the prosecution as she was not bound by the gag order that prohibited the others who were involved

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

TOURISM MARKETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TOURISM MARKETING - Coursework Example The reliability of online communication proves to be efficient in the delivery of information to tourists from diversified regions across the globe. The availability of social media provides relevant methods for the tourism industry to market its services. Tourists have the advantages to make reservations and advanced bookings through online communication means and do not have to be physically present at their preferred tourist destinations to make bookings. Marketing is one of the most reliable impacts that the travel and tourism industry benefits from, both online communication ansd social media. Impacts of Online Communication and Social Media on Travel and Tourism Marketing In the twenty first century the marketing process of travel and tourism made viral marketing possible, which refers to the process whereby the industry applies several marketing methods relying on the use of social media and online communication (Sigala & Gretzel, 2012). Through a sensitive review of the touri sm body, there is an offer on comprehensive viral marketing approach that has considerations of the global tourism business. With the availability of online communication and social media tourist destinations have the opportunity to market their brands and involve the audience to gain access to tourists and travelers at an international level. Online marketing policies and social media are applicable in the exploration process of the methods that are relevant to destination branding and audience assignation. Online communication is highly helpful for the tourism and travel industry’s marketing procedure because approximately 29% of the global population uses internet on a daily basis (Internet Usage Statistics, 2011). The research information on the internet usage was availed in June, 2010, and is reliable statistics for the marketers within the tourism and travel industry (Munar & Cai, 2013). The tourism and travel customers have the advantage to gain travel experience throu gh the internet forums availed in the internet. There is the possibility to seek advice and additional information about the various locations that the clients desire to visit. The development of the social media websites facilitates the change in communication frequencies with individuals’ virtual lifestyle. Social media retain a reliable spot for the tourism and travel industry because it endures a constant evolution due to the advancement in the internet services. The tourism and travel sector employs the social media websites as essential communication channels to assist in the access of the industry’s clients (Wang & Pizam, 2011). Online communication enhances the modes of access in that the audiences get reliable methods for access to their customers. The incorporation of the online communication seems elementary with the advantage that it is cheap and reliable in terms of accessibility. To market a tourism firm is much cheaper and efficient through application o f the internet unlike other outdated measures such as printing fliers. There are sources that confirm the idea that the internet in addition to other Information technology alterations has had an impact on the industry to an unprecedented scale. The information availed through the internet appears to be influential to the decision-making process in the current human society. Majority of the persons living in the present generation seem to rely extensively on the information that is available in the internet (International Conference & Brebbia, 2010). In the tourism and travel industry, it is evident that most tourists implement the internet in their travel and tourism arrangements such as booking air tickets with accommodations on

Monday, September 23, 2019

Winters Bone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Winters Bone - Essay Example Ree sets out to look for her father, where she goes through the world of a drug user as his father is a drug producer, and Ree ends up consulting the local crime boss. She is told that her father died in a met lab fire or could have left town to avoid the trial for which he is out on bail. Ree’s father fails to show up for trial and the bondsman looks for Ree and informs her that there is about a week before their property is seized, where she then explains her findings about her father being dead. Ree then visits the local crime boss again to ask about her father and gets a beating by the boss’s women, who then offer to show her dad’s bones. They take him to the place where takes her father’s badly decaying body, which she takes to the sheriff, and she receives the bond and her uncle Teardrop tells her he knows who killed her father. This sad movie dwells on the issues of family and drugs, as well as crime as a whole and how the two vices affect a family. The drugs affect Ree’s family in that her family becomes dysfunctional following the charging of his father on account of being part of a methamphetamine manufacturing ring. The effects on the family go deeper in that even Ree’s uncles are part of the drugs world to the point that they cannot play a part in assisting Ree to find her father. In addition, the theme of drugs is also seen in the role of the local crime boss whose women are on drugs too, for which Ree’s father is killed. In relation to crime, the local crime boss, seems to be aware of all occurrences revolving the activities and whereabouts of Ree’s father. This is as seen in the case where he refers to Ree’s father as having died in a fire or even left town to avoid charges. Crime goes on to be portrayed in the murder of Ree’s father, where they find his remains under a boat. The issue of family is also shown in how Ree is dedicated to protecting her family even at a young age, where she

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking Essay 1. State the four logically possible ways in which evidentialism could go about justifying its beliefs? Briefly evaluate each of the options. [20] Evidentialism holds four logical possibilities in an attempt to justify their beliefs. There is historical evidence, negative apologetics, minimal evidence, and the Holy Spirit. The first step is Historical Evidence. Evidentialists tend to resort to historical evidence as a very important method (i. e. the resurrection). The reason historical evidences are so important is because, as long as minimal facts (those agreed upon by all) are used, the audience cannot deny the conclusion of the premise. Historical evidence allows for a one-step process for converting one to Christianity. Historical evidences have a lot of credibility. A second step is negative apologetics. This form attempts to debunk those arguments said against Christianity. Negative apologetics defends the faith against outsider claims to Christianities fallacies. A third step is minimal evidences. This is used primarily in reference to the resurrection. In an attempt to prove the legitimacy of the resurrection, an evidentialist would use facts and concepts which all people agree on (i. e. the tomb was empty, eye-witnesses, etc. ) and lead the individual into the conclusion that the resurrection took place. If one accepts these minimal evidences, then the conclusion of the resurrection has to follow. It is important for evidentialists to find common ground with the people whom they are speaking with to prove their point. A fourth step is the recognition of the power of the Holy Spirit. The bible is absolutely clear that it is only through Him that one can be regenerated; it is not by the will of the flesh. Due to this concept, evidentialists understand the importance and reliability they have on the Holy Spirit. It is only Him who can use to evidences to illuminate the heart. These are the four steps of an evidentialist. 2. What is foundationalism? What makes foundationalism in general something which Plantinga calls â€Å"classic foundationalism†? How would Plantinga critique such a view? [25] Foundationalism is a belief which is based on another belief. It is the concept that one belief always has to have a reason to be believed; for it is based off of a previous belief. Evidentialists hold to this method of reasoning, asserting the great importance of always having a defense for one’s beliefs. Plantinga explains this method of reasoning starting from the Enlightenment, and was promoted by Plato, Aristotle, etc. It is referenced as classical because it is old and has been the method of reasoning for a very long time. Plantinga separates himself from this view, believing it to be fallible. While it is important for certain beliefs to be based on rational thought, Plantinga does not agree that all should be. He would claim that there has to be at least one thought or one set of beliefs which are basic. Plantinga explains basic beliefs as those which are not based on a previous belief, but rather accepted through experience or memory (i. e. eating breakfast). Plantinga critics Foundationalism by stating that there has to be at least a certain amount of beliefs which are basic (not based on a previous belief) because all people need a starting place for rationalization. Despite those who hold to Foundationalism, it is important for all to understand that there are always certain beliefs which we take for granted; simply because somebody told us so. We will not have a reason for every belief. 3. Explain Frame’s concept of rationality (the linear progression, narrow versus broad circularity). Explain each concept fully. [10] Frame’s concept of rationality is interesting. The circular explanations of his thoughts are explained as following: My faith is based on my rationality, and my rationality is based on the rationality of God. The reason this is circular is because, if our faith were based on our rationality, and our rationality was based on the rationality of God, one could connect the dots and say that God’s rationality enables our faith. This is the circular reasoning which Frame explains. The linear progression states that, due to God’s rationality, we have faith. As our faith is based on God’s rationality, our rationality is based on our Faith. Hence, our rationality is based on the rationality of God. This linear progression was stated in Frame’s chapter as following: God’s rationality Our Faith our rationality. This is the linear explanation of Frame. 4. How does Bahnsen evaluate Stein’s epistemological criterion – â€Å"one can justify a belief only by the use of logic or reason†? [10] As Stein claims that one needs logic or reason to have a justified belief, Bahnsen accuses Stein of borrowing this concept from the Christian world-view. Before engaging on the grounds of logic and argument, Bahnsen clearly states that the atheistic worldview cannot be based on reason for there is no room for that within the theory of evolution. Due to the fact that one accepts that world view, they cannot begin justifying it based on logic and reason which are fundamentals within the Christian world-view. Bahnsen accuses Stein of borrowing from the Christian world view, making him epistemologically self-aware of his paradox. 5. State three differences between compatibilist and libertarian views of freedom; explain each of the differences. [15] 6. State four reasons why we accept genetic information as being structured or specified. Briefly explain each reason. [20] Genetic information is stated as being structured due to the process of elimination. The first question would be to discover whether it was formed by Law. Due to the fact that it is not contingent, the question of design would fall to the next level which is that of chance. When one questions whether it was done by chance, the immense complexity within the cell eliminates this possibility and brings it to the concept of design. When looking at DNA (A=T, C=D) or proteins (amino acids), and seeing what is required for human life, the immense complexity within the cell would eliminate the possibility of law or chance. It must be structured. Also, the concept of time and fossils do not allow for the immense amount of time demanded by evolutionists for the process of life to have evolved. The more complex we understand the cell to be; the less likely it is that it wasn’t structured or specified.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Streptococcus Lactis: Structure and Applications

Streptococcus Lactis: Structure and Applications The following paper describes the bacteria Lactococcus lactis previously referred to as Streptococcus lactis. Lactococcus lactis is used in the making of dairy products. The most common of these products are milk, cheese, and yogurt. Researchers are also looking at the potential of Lactococcus lactis to be used in conjunction with vaccines. I chose to write about this microbe because of the many uses and interesting facts. Lactococcus lactis has served humanity in the past; presently it remains useful in many ways and has the potential to be even a greater asset in the future. Lactococcus Lactis Introduction Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis), is a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that is nonpathogenic and Gram-positive. The genus Lactococcus is closely related to the genus Streptococcus and is used extensively in the fermenting of milk. It is also the best-characterized lactic acid bacterium (Bolotin, Wincker, Mauger, Jaillon, Malarme, Weissenbach, Ehrlich, Sorokin, 2001). By nature, L. lactis inhabits a function connected to plant and animal surfaces and the gastrointestinal tract of the animal. On plant surfaces, it is inactive but it is believed to reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract after being swallowed (Bolotin et al., 2001). In comparison, researchers have termed what they call a domesticated species of L. lactis. This species is used in the making of dairy products such as cheese, buttermilk, and yogurt. It also serves a different function that is identified by the use of technology such as fast growth and rapid production of lactic acid in milk (Bolotin et al., 2001). Cell Morphology Streptococcus lies under the Domain Bacteria. The term strepto means chained and the term coccus means round, therefore streptococcus cells are spherical and occur in pairs or chains that can be short or long in length (Breed, Murray, Smith, 1957, p. 508). Up until 1985, L. lactis was originally classified under the genus Streptococcus (MicrobeWiki, n.d.). They are non-motile, do not produce spores and have a fermentative metabolism (Bacteria Genomes, n.d.). They also have no pigment; however, in some strains a brick-red or yellow pigment may occur under certain environments (Breed et al., 1957, p. 508). A fermentable carbohydrate or polyhydroxy alcohol is essential for suitable growth in artificial media (Breed et al., 1957, p. 508). The average coccus is small about 1 ÃŽÂ ¼m in diameter (Engelkirk Engelkirk, 2011), which may vary from rough to smooth to mucoid (Breed et al., 1957, pps. 508-509). Carbohydrate fermentation is homofermentative with dextro rotator lactic acid as t he main end result. Carbon dioxide is produced in very small amounts or not at all from sugar fermentation (Breed et al., 1957, p. 509). With respect to their nutrition, all streptococci are particular and and require a number of the B vitamins and amino acids for growth (Breed et al., 1957, p. 509). Species have their own nutritional requirements. Streptococcus is generally found wherever natural substances that contain sugars are accumulated. They occur regularly within the mouth and intestines of humans and animals, in dairy and other food products, and in plant juices that are fermenting (Breed et al., 1957, p. 509). Genome Properties The genome of L. lactis is a circular chromosome with 2,365,589 base pair, where 86% of the genome code for protein, 1.4% for RNA, and 12.6% for noncoding region. 64.2% of the genes code for known functional proteins and 20.1% of the genes for known protein with unknown function. The remaining 15.7% of the genes are unidentified proteins that may be unique to the Lactococcus (MicrobeWiki, n.d.). According to Todar, (2011), the subspecies of L. lactis are used extensively as models in lactic acid bacteria research. One subspecies, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris is characterized by the laboratory strains LM0230 and MG1363, and it is best preferred for the making of hard cheeses. The other subspecies, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis is considered the workhorse strain and is represented by IL1403 (Todar, 2011). This subspecies is best preferred for the making of soft cheeses. Todar (2011) also suggests that beginning in 2001, these strains have been sequenced. In other words, there is a better understanding of how these bacteria are associated with their function. Finally, the ability to compare genomes has led to more knowledge of how the variety of Lactococcus strains adapt to their environments. This ability to compare has also lead to unanticipated findings. It has been suggested that this bacterium can perform aerobic respiration and can undergo horizontal gene transmission by the process of transformation (Todar, 2011). With that, it is possible that Lactococcus lactis can be used to improve minuscule things such as flavor, texture, and preservation of 10 million pounds of cheese that is produced annually (Todar, 2011). It is important to be able to examine and decipher the characteristics of bacteria in order to provide data for identification and classification (Engelkirk Engelkirk, 2011). Unique Properties As previously mentioned, Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) is one of the most important micro-organisms in the dairy industry (Bacteria Genomes, n.d.). It is essential in the development and production of products by this industry. When L. lactis is added to milk, the bacterium uses enzymes to produce energy molecules (called ATP) from lactose. The byproduct of ATP energy production is lactic acid (Bacteria Genomes, n.d.). This lactic acid that is produced by the bacterium causes the milk to curdle and separate to produce curds, which is then used for cheese and whey (Bacteria Genomes, n.d.). The specific types of dairy that use L. lactis for its manufacturing include the cheeses Cheddar, Colby, Camembert, Roquefort, Brie, cottage cheese, cream cheese, and other dairy products such as butter, buttermilk, sour cream, and kefir (Todar, 2011). It is also accepted as a source of vegetable fermentation for pickled cucumbers and sauerkraut and for other fermented liquids such as beer and wine . L. lactis has also been considered for the development of delivering vaccines. The bacterium can be genetically engineered to produce proteins from pathogenic species on their cell surfaces (Todar, 2011). This is done by injecting an animal with a modified strain of the bacterium by way of a nasal spray. An immune response to the strain is obtained which provides an eventual immunity to the pathogen (Todar, 2011). Because L. lactis is non-pathogenic and non-colonizing it is a promising candidate for delivering biologically active proteins by mucosal routes. In a report by Chinese researchers it is described that recombinant L. lactis is applicable for the development of live mucosal vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Zhang, Zhong, Huan, 2011). In a lab test mice were given an oral immunization and it induced both mucosal and systemic immune responses against HBV at the same magnitude. These results indicated that the lactococci-derived vaccines could be attractive candidates as alternative HBV vaccines for preventing hepatitis B (Zhang, Zhong, Huan, 2011). The increased research of L. lactis would be beneficial to people in underdeveloped countries and where sickness and other diseases is high. In conclusion, the bacterium Lactococcus lactis appears versatile. The current research suggests that, with more exploration, L. lactis can be used to improve the quality of dairy products as well as the health of individuals by way of vaccines.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt      Ã‚  Ã‚   The book under analysis herein is Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt.   The copy I am using in this research is published by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, 1950.   The original version was published in 1922, but there is no information in this book regarding what printing or edition it may be.   This edition encompasses thirty four chapters which span 401 pages in length as they are printed here.   One interesting note is that the novel is dedicated to Edith Wharton.    The author of the work, Sinclair Lewis, was born in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, and holds the distinction of being the first American ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.   Lewis was born in the late 19th century and lived until the middle of the 20th century so he witnessed many social transformations, including electricity, the automobile and the rise of industrialism and urban centers.   His college years were spent at Yale and he worked early in his writing career as a newspaper journalist and editor.   His early works like The Job:   An American Novel were characteristic of the satire and realism that would come to be trademarks of his mature style.   Lewis would go on to write novels that satirized with little mercy the small rural town (Main Street), the 9-to-5 businessman (Babbitt) and those who tried to prevent scientific truth from emerging (Arrowsmith).   Elmer Gantry and Dodsworth were also literary successes and each was made into a Hollywood motion picture.      Lewis refused to accept the Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith because the terms of the award stated that it was not being awarded for literary merit, but for the best demonstration of "the wholesome atmosphere of American life" (Murphy   597).  Ã‚   L... ...at Lewis must have been valid about such an environment if Sinclair would admit to such a belief.   Nonetheless, Lewis still enables us to believe in American society but refuses to allow us to accept its worse qualities as anything we should promote or perpetuate.    WORKS   CITED Dooley, D. J. (ed.).   The Art of Sinclair Lewis.   Nebraska, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1967. Lewis, S.   Babbitt.   New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1950. Mencken, H. L.   Portrait of an American citizen. Light, M.   (ed.).   The Merrill Studies in Babbitt.   Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1971:   25-27. Murphy, B.   (ed.)   Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia.   (4th edit.).   New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996. Sinclair, U.   Standardized America. Light, M.   (ed.).   The Merrill Studies in Babbitt.   Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1971:   28-31.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Sears Kmart Merger Essay -- essays research papers

Due to slow sales and less traffic at both Sears and Kmart, the two have decided to merge creating one entity named Sears Holdings. Kmart has agreed to buy Sears for $11 Billion. This puts Sears Holdings at the third largest retailer behind Wal-Mart and Home Depot. Although Wal-Mart is a direct competitor with Kmart, Sears Holdings goal is not to compete with Wal-Mart directly, but find areas that have been overlooked by other retailers, and take advantage of the expanded line of products the new company has to offer. Sears has had higher sales than Kmart, so hundreds of Kmart’s will be transformed into Sears stores. As of now, most of Sears 870 stores are only found in malls. The new strategy would be to open Sears stores in current Kmart locations, to offer consumers with a different variety of products than what’s currently available from large retailers like Kmart and Wal-Mart. Sears is known for selling items such as their exclusive line of craftsman tools and Ken more appliances. In the future these Sears exclusives will be found in Kmart stores, and Kmart exclusives such as Martha Stewarts line of housewares will be found in Sears. This merger will bring a wide array of products to a larger group of consumers. Currently consumers looking to buy home appliances like stoves or refrigerators have to go to a mall with a Sears store or a specialty store like Best Buy or Circuit City. Not all consumers live near a mall, so buying from Sears may not be an option. Although bot...

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

beatrice is the vita nuova Essay -- essays research papers fc

A very poignant moment in any person’s life is when they meet someone who they regard so highly that they place on a pedestal in their mind. If ever there was a doubt of love at first sight, Dante Alighieri disproves the disbelief with his first sighting of Beatrice in his Vita Nuova. When Dante recounts his second encounter with Beatrice he says that she greeted him but does not state how exactly she acknowledged him. The â€Å"ineffable courtesy† that she greeted him with implies that the encounter was not spoken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through complete silent encounters, the love Dante harbors for Beatrice still continues to flourish. In one of Dante’s sonnets he says the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"hence I abide impoverished,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  in such a way that I fear to speak.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thus wishing to do as those   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  who out of shame conceal their want,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  outwardly I show joy,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and inwardly at the heart I waste away and weep.† Despite Dante being filled with overwhelming joy by the thought of Beatrice, he never publicly expresses his love for her. The whole essence of Dante’s being was accounted for through Beatrice’s greetings to him. Although the definition of her greetings is undefined in his accounts, Dante’s mood is dependent on his interactions with Beatrice. Through the words in his sonnets, Dante m...

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Notes for Institutional Theory

The aim of this essay is to explore the response of organisations when confronting with institutional pressures. The essay is organised as follow. Firstly, some concepts as well as explanation related to institutional theory will be introduced. Then, this essay will define and explain the conception of legitimacy and the connection between legitimacy and institutional process. Thirdly, the strategic responses of organisations to deal with the pressures from institutional process and an example of response in terms of institutional control will be examined.Institutional theory is a concept that emphasizes the existence of some norms, values and beliefs of the society which organisations conform with. And the process of conformity called institutionalisation is reflected in the structures and practices of organisations (Powell & DiMaggio, 1991). According to Oliver (1991), institutional theory emphasizes more specifically on the pressures and constraints from the institutional environm ent which is one of its two issues addressed (the other one is technical pressures). Institutions here include the state, professions, interest group as well as public opinion (Scott, 1987b).These institutions have interconnected and interdependent relationships with organisations, as the behaviours of organisation are restricted by outside pressures exerted by institutions. In order to survive, organisations have to force themselves to adapt to the environment. So, they have no other choice but to make their behaviours consistent with external norms and rules. After discussing the environment perspective of institutional theory, the next section will regard motives of conformity as the point of departure.Institutional theory demonstrates that stability and legitimacy is what organisations to attain (Powell & DiMaggio, 1983; Oliver, 1991). In terms of obtaining stability, institutional theory can explain why organisations conform to external rules, norms and beliefs, not because of the direct link to a positive outcome but organisations would be unthinkable to do otherwise. In other words, this consistency may not be driven by the objective of interest maximisation, but by preconscious acceptance of institutionalisation.Uniform rules, norms and beliefs produce less contradiction Oliver (1991). Due to attempt to obtain stability, organisations would like to draw experience from pre-existing audiences within the current external environment and imitate those organisational structures, decision-making mode and so on to response to the external pressures. Before regarding obtaining legitimacy as the other motive of conformity, it is necessary to define the concept of legitimacy. There are many different definitions of legitimacy with varying degrees of specificity (Suchman, 1995).Legitimacy refers to an array of established cultural accounts made by organisations to provide explanations for its existence (Powell & DiMaggio, 1991). Another specific definition is th at legitimacy is a generalized perception that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, and beliefs. In addition, there are three types of legitimacy, which are pragmatic legitimacy, moral legitimacy and cognitive legitimacy (Suchman, 1995). After explaining some conception of legitimacy, the next section will focus on the connection between legitimacy and institutional process.As every parts of organisation is constructed and interpenetrated by external institutions as well as culture can determine how the organization is built, how it is run, and, simultaneously, how it is understood and evaluated, legitimacy empowers organizations by making them seem natural and meaningful. So legitimacy is critical to organisation survival. Then it can also imply the easiest approach to gain legitimacy, which suggests organisations to adapt to the existed institutional context and adjust their structures to fit with the existed norms, rules and beliefs.This point is just consistent with the emphasis of the institutional theory. So gaining legitimacy is a more significant reason why organisations accept institutional process. When confronting with institutional pressures, acquiescence will be the most probable response taken by organisations. However, if anticipated legitimacy is low, organisations may have different responses to institutionalisation, like compromising on the requirements for conformity, avoiding the conditions that make conformity necessary, denying the requirements that are advised to conform, or even manipulate the criteria of conformity.As can be seen, there are five kinds of strategic responses that organisations may conduct to institutional process, which are acquiescence, compromise, avoid, defy and manipulate(Oliver, 1991). Organisations may have different responses to variable cause, control, context, constituents and content and to even different degree of the same iss ue. For example, in the terms of institutional control, legal coercion or government mandates and voluntary diffusion are two processes pressures exerted to organisations (Powell & DiMaggio, 1983; Oliver, 1991).

Monday, September 16, 2019

Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay

Love is defined as an intense feeling of deep affection. In Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream love is tossed around significantly. For example, one day a young person may find themselves in love with one person and then wake up only to love someone else. It is supposedly done by magic. Magic and love inconstancy are the biggest themes expressed in the play. Love is toyed with by magic making it some supernatural power at the control of the mischievous fairies. The inconstancy of love shown through several sets of young lovers is the most powerful theme making the play a kindhearted comedy rather than a solid love story. The course of true love never did run smooth. † (Shakespeare 8) One of the young lovers, Lysander, sums up the whole theme of the play that love can never run its course without obstacles. Lysander falls in love with a young girl named Hermia who is loved by Demetrius. As if this love triangle isn’t enough, there is another girl named Helena who loves Demetrius and was previously engaged to him. Of course this couldn’t be it! Hermia’s father Egeus has sworn to make her a nun or even kill her if she doesn’t marry, in his eyes, the glorious Demetrius. This whole love pentagon is the epitome of the theme of love inconstancy. There is no option that would make everybody happy! Magic interferes making it an utterly baffling tale within the tale of loves inconstancy. Another problem involving love in the play is that of the soon to be wedded Theseus and Hippolyta. â€Å"Hippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword, and won thy love doing thee injuries; but I will wed thee in another key, with pomp, with triumph, and with reveling. † Hippolyta was a former Amazon and had her people conquered by Theseus. This reflects how Hippolyta truly feels about her engagement with Theseus, as she most likely opposes Theseus’s belief that love can be obtained by power. It is not truly known how Hippolyta feels toward the whole thing, as she has yet to come out and say anything; however, the reader gets the idea she isn’t nearly as thrilled as Theseus. The final set of lovers who find themselves in a typical husband and wife dispute. Oberon and Titania, king and queen of the fairies. They originally are in a meaningless quarrel over some little fairy, and Oberon is angered. Oberon calls for one of his fairies, Puck, to place a spell on Titania so that she falls in love with the first thing she sees. Quite the set up for the disaster! It ends up turning out better than Oberon could have ever hoped as Titania falls in love with a worthless peasant, Nick Bottom, who is funny enough dressed as an ass. Magic has once again turned love into something supernatural(for supernatural beings). â€Å"My Oberon what visions have I seen! Methought I was enamored of an ass. How came these things to pass? O, how mine eyes do loathe his visage now! †(Shakespeare 64) After Oberon eventually has the spell removed, Titania awakens only to realize that she has no idea what she was thinking and now is disgusted by him. These sets of lovers all had a role in the main theme of the inconstancy of love. The endings of all their problems are very much expected, as this aids the lightheartedness of the play rather than an unexpected moving love story. Magic ties it all together making love something controllable, and quite fun to mess with at that. Whether it be through the love pentagon of the five crazy Athenians, the powerful Theseus and his disconsolate, disapproving queen Hippolyta, or the problematic fairy rulers, Shakespeare does an excellent job using the theme of the inconstancy of love.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay

One of the most controversial aspects of society throughout history can be seen in the way society views people with illnesses. Often times, people persecute their fellowmen just because they do not seem â€Å"normal† or they seem to â€Å"not belong† with the current society. These problems have led to the development of a branch of psychology which aimed to look at the causes and other related information that formed these mental illnesses. This branch of psychology came to be known as abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is that segment of the field which studies mental illnesses and abnormal behavior. The field covers problems such as depression, obsession, and even sexual deviation. The field also traced the symptoms, etiology, effects, and how these illnesses are maintained. Before we study abnormal psychology though, we must first look into what people see as abnormal. Historically, many of the earliest civilizations attribute mental disorders and illnesses as manifestations of evil spirits; some even have practices which remove parts of the skull using primitive tools as a means of releasing these evil spirits. As time progressed though, people such as priests, shamans, and witch doctors have been employed to supposedly rid these individuals of the â€Å"malicious† spirits which inhabit their bodies. During the times of the Greeks and the Romans, diagnosing and identifying mental illnesses have become more scientific. However, during this period, mystical and supernatural explanations still prevail over the ideas of modern science. One example is Homer, according to him, mental illnesses are caused by God, taking away the minds of the victims. It is not until Hippocrates wrote numerous accounts, journals, essays, papers and other scholarly work that made the study more scientific. In his papers, Hippocrates wrote about things such as psychosis, mania, phobias, and paranoia. His theory, however, still is flawed because he attributed the illnesses to four fluids in the human body: black and yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. During the middle ages, more horrifying and disturbing accounts were given, According to studies, during this period, people with mental illnesses were classified as witches, and they were â€Å"hunted† so as to rid them of the physical world. It was further justified by the writing of the Malleus Malifacarum (Withc’s Hammer) in 1486. In 1563, a person by the name of Jahann Weyer wrote a book called De Praestigiis Daemonum (The Deception of Demons). The book discredited the beliefs that demons were the culprits in mental illnesses and instead brought out the point that natural causes may indeed result in abnormal behavior. He also looked at the possibility of the use of drugs as sparks which caused these said disorders. With his work, the study of mental abnormalities became more humanitarian and started to look for treatment, rather than damnation, for its victims. In 1769, Benjamin Rush, a professors of chemistry and medicine at the college of Philadelphia became the father of American psychiatry. He instituted reform by putting into action several changes such as better ventilation, separation and classification of violent and non-violent patients, and created programs for recreation catering to the patients who suffer from mental illness. By 1880, Dorthea Dix, a schoolteacher from Boston started a campaign which led to the opening of 32 psychiatric hospitals which prioritized the poor and the needy. Several other prominent people paved the way for the contemporary notion of psychopathology. Emil Kraeplin was the one who introduced to society different classifications of mental disorders. This led the way to a closer relationship between medicine and psychiatry. The classification focused on two important groups – the praecox or what is no known as the schizophrenics, and the manic-depressive psychopaths. He believed that these illnesses were caused by chemical imbalance and irregularities in other aspects of the person such as one’s metabolism. Another important person which helped develop the field of study was Clifford Beers. Beers himself suffered a mental breakdown but was able to overcome it. Upon his recovery, he wrote a book which he titled A Mind That Found Itself. Beers and his book were responsible for the foundation of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, a branch of government which worked to prevent illnesses as well as make sure that any treatment conducted is classified as humane. Today, abnormal psychology focuses on the 4 D’s, these are distress, dysfunction, deviance, and danger. One should note though, that these 4 d’s are seen as judgments, not objective behavior. First of all is dysfunction. Dysfunction is defined as a difficult or abnormal function. In psychology, one of the most popular diseases caused by a dysfunction of the brain is schizophrenia. This disorder is caused by enlarged ventricles, reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe, and an excess of dopamine. Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder that is characterized by people who talk to themselves, yell at someone else which seem imaginary, and other symptoms. Another aspect of the psychopathology is distress. Distress in psychology can lead to numerous diseases, most popular of which are anorexia and bulimia. Often times, people who develop these conditions see it as a way of coping with negative emotions or painful feelings. Traumatic events in a person’s life may also trigger disorders in eating. Danger results in one of the most overlooked psychological disorder in an individual. Often times, notions of fear will develop into anxiety. Anxiety, unlike normal fear, can be characterized by four inherent characteristics. First of all, it is defined by a specific target; secondly, anxiety is experienced in response to the target of fear; third, the target feared by the individual is avoided; and finally anxiety tends to be more chronic. One of the most interesting in the 4 d’s is deviance. We might see something as deviant behavior, but we do not know is that this deviant behavior for us is the deviant’s â€Å"normal† function. This is why this is the most blurred classification out of all of the things that we characterize as abnormal. From here, there are three important viewpoints which look at mental disorders and their causes. These three models are the biological, psychosocial, and the socio-cultural models. First of all, the biological model looks at the brain as the cause of the abnormal behavior. According to proponents of this model, mental disorders are caused by the different chemical imbalances in the brain, and as such, leads to the difference in a person’s behavior. The socio-cultural approach looks at the role that society plays with regards to human behavior. According to its proponents, society and culture play a major role in determining if an individual will be labeled as â€Å"mentally ill† or has a mental disorder. Often times, this is where social deviance is seen; this is due to the idea that one is deviant for a culture may be the norms of the other. Finally, the psychosocial approach looks at underlying influences which are often times unconscious. This approach looks at the childhood and past experiences of the victim. Proponents of this approach are Sigmund Freud and Josef Brener. The approach theorizes that the disorder occurs when the individual becomes â€Å"fixated† to the stage wherein the negative experience has occurred. Looking at these evolutions in the field of abnormal psychology, it becomes positive enough that the approach, which was more of spiritual during earlier times, transforms itself into a more rational field of study. More importantly, these approaches lead us not to discriminate people with these disorders, but rather try to understand them and help them get better. Bibliography Abnormal Psychology. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. blackwellpublishing. com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15. pdf What is Abnormal Psychology? About. com. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://psychology. about. com/od/glossaryfromatoz/g/abnormalpsyc. htm Harris, Kevin. History of Abnormal Psychology. History of Psychology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www3. niu. edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/mainsheet. htm Bickard, Mark. The Nature of Psychopathology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. lehigh. edu/~mhb0/psychopath. html

Saturday, September 14, 2019

History of Coca Cola Essay

About the Company: The first signs of the Coca-Cola Company started out in Atlanta in 1886 when a pharmacist named John Pemberton developed a caramel colored carbonated drink and sampled it to customers. Soon after, the drink was for sale at five cents a glass, selling about nine glasses a day in the local pharmacy. After Pemberton’s death in 1888, an Atlanta businessman named Asa Griggs Candler, secured the rights to Coca-Cola for a total of $2300 and it was at this time that Coca-Cola transformed from an invention into a business. Over the next several years, through coupons, advertisement, and sampling, the demand for Coca-Cola continued to grow making it necessary to open syrup plants in Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. In 1899, two lawyers secured the rights from Candler to sell Coca-Cola in portable bottle sized serving, as opposed to only being offered in the soda fountains. Not realizing the popularity bottles would have, Candler sold the rights for just one dollar. Going into the new century, Coca-Cola continued to see rapid growth moving into other countries including Canada, Panama, Puerto Rico, France, and Cuba to name a few. From having just two bottlers in 1990, Coca-Cola had almost 1000 bottlers in 1920. Over the next twenty year, focus was on introducing the beverage around the world with much success. After 70 years of success with Coca-Cola, the company began introducing other flavored beverages including Fanta ®, Tab ®, Fresca ®, and Sprite ®. The company’s presence was growing more and more internationally in countries such as Cambodia, Turkey, and Paraguay. In1971, the company was selected to be the only company allowed to sell packaged cold drinks in The Peoples Republic of China. During the 1980’s, Diet Coke was introduced and the company made an attempt at developing a new improved formula for Coca-Cola. While this had good test panel results, when the new formula was introduced on the market, the public begged for the old formula to be reinstated. The public opinion eventually won and Coca-Cola Classic was back on the shelves. The 1990’s  brought other new beverages to the line up including Dasani ® bottled water, Powerade ® sports drink, and Barq’s ® root beer. The company continued to move into other countries including East Germany and India. By 1997, the company was up to over 1 billion servings of their product a day and continually growing. Coca-Cola started out as an experiment in a pharmacy selling just nine glasses a day and now has over 500 brands world wide selling over 1.7 billion servings per day. Even with the tough economy, Coca-Cola has continued its growth and remains to be a beverage that consumers reach for da ily, not just in the United States, but all over the world.

Friday, September 13, 2019

To identify and analysis the financing problem within small and medium Dissertation

To identify and analysis the financing problem within small and medium enterprise in the UK, and with the solutions of it - Dissertation Example Alternatively, Harper (1988, p.17) also observed that once small businesses have expanded and grown enormously into mega businesses over the time span of last twenty years and it has also eradicated the hindrance of traditional obstacles in way of the businesses and turning it into a significant contribution to employment power and economical development. The boom of SMEs have integrated the vital portions of businesses sectors and have not only flourish different businesses at national level but have also contributed to highly skilled labor and creative ideas regardless of its business operations or services it caters. To grow and nourish any business, there has to be sufficient funds available for its going concern status and its stability to adhere economical turndowns especially any inflated market. According to Hussain and Matlay (2007, 1-5), a significant number of small firms and businesses milk their financial needs by family and friends loans, personal savings and belongings despite of structure and size, number of employees or the nature of business activity. This has also regarded as a safe and easy source of finance to cater the first building block of any business. The another striking feature identified by Mason and Harrison (2000, pp. 221-239), was the reliance of stable and potential growth fostering SMEs to fund their operations and businesses through medium or long term finances by financial loans, convertible bonds from bank, microfinance intermediaries, venture capitalist or angle financing etc. Manigart and Sapienza (2000, pp. 240-258) also highlighted that when the cost associated with the going concern status of the firm increased to significant heights to mark the survival of the businesses that the funding of the financial resources become a hardcore factor and is solely dependent on external finances or retained earnings of the business’s profits. The SMEs market in UK has flourished over decades and has an immense contribution to wealth maximization, employment turnover, and businesses transforming into mega giants with development of different sectors of businesses as a cash cow or moneymaker to the economy. Storey (1994), depicted that innovation and creativity, re engineering of the infrastructure and business operations in the SMEs have outward the economic turndown with stable growth and employment opportunities in public and private sector of UK economy. Poutziouris (2003, pp.185-214) found out that SMEs foreign and national level operations and trade have matured the economic market and have urged the government to intervene in the public sector SMEs specifically and foster their policies and interest to cater the important role of economic development. The results can be devastating noted by Deakins et al., (2000) that the government policies and agenda could not fulfill the demands and development opportunities for the SMEs in long run. It could further result in an adverse impact on the economic and social sectors as well as the competitive advantage of the country enjoyed over the number of years. Chami (2001) noted that adverse behavior in market for insufficient sources of finance for the SMEs have an interrelationship within different factors for not only the availability of the capital but also it is affected by the traditional trade practices, international business ventures and the significant contribution of e- businesses

Thursday, September 12, 2019

British Petroleum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Petroleum - Research Paper Example With reference to the studies conducted by Vassiliou (2009), it is of essence to first note that British Petroleum (BP) is British multinational Oil and Gas Company, which has established its operations in over eighty countries across the World. Additionally, the company is ranked as the third largest energy company in the World and the fourth largest company in the word in terms of revenue earned. Norse and Amos (2010) in their writings stated that on the 20th of April 2010, there was an explosion at the coast of Louisiana, which originated from BP’s deep-sea petroleum rig that was used for drilling purposes. Following the explosion, the rig burnt down for more than thirty hours before it finally sank into the deep sea and during this time the hydrocarbons in the deep-sea oil reserve had started leaking onto the Gulf of Mexico and it took eighty-seven days to close the leak. According to Juhasv (2011), the accident at the deep sea caused the death of eleven people most of whom were employees of the company, and several people who were near the site of the accident suffered severe injuries. In addition, the oil spill resulted into one of the worst environmental pollution in the world history and it even caused certain illnesses that were related to the spill exposure to those who participated in the clean-up exercises and some of the residents of the gulf region. In regards to the company, it suffered huge economical expenses in the clean up and compensation exercises. This present research paper mainly seeks to analyze the communication strategy adopted by the company after the explosion and in what ways the company could improve its crisis communication strategies. According to Kotter (2012), when an organization is faced with any crisis, it is always important to communicate with all the stakeholders in order to maintain good relations with them. Equally, when BP was

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Linguistics - Essay Example Wodak (1989) explores this opinion to reveal that language gains power in the hands of those who are powerful. According to the author it would be right to say that someone in power can even be represented by a specific language and fights about discrimination or status basically symbolize the fight for power. This study mainly purposes to explore some of the things that happen on the basis of linguistics which include politeness, gender-indexing, honorification, youth language and bilingualism more specifically amongst the Japanese community. Japan which happens to be one of the most industrialized nations on earth was ranked 105th out of 136 countries in terms of gender equality (The Bogen Project 2013). Under normal circumstances, most of us would think that a nation with the third largest economy as well as geographical power as Japan would have a positive gender index when it comes to equality. Surprisingly this is not the case amongst the Japanese. Statistics reveal that  "According to the Gender Gap Index, Japan has slid from 94th place in 2010 to 98th in 2011, to 101st in 2012† (The Bogen Project 2013). This indubitably depicts gender inequality with the affected gender being the feminine ender. Japanese women have been misrepresented both in the government as well as in the field of employment. Does this have anything to do with gendered language including politeness and honorification? Unlike most languages in the world, Japanese language has some language associated with men or boys and another section associated with women or girls.

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Features of poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Features of poverty - Essay Example It could be more effectively defined by looking at its cause and effect and association to other related aspects. Rather than just simply looking at the insufficiency of resources, we must focus on the efforts exerted and the conditions that brought about the insufficiency. There is also truth in saying that poverty should not be measured by money alone. Two people could obtain the same amount of money but one could be deemed poor in possessions because of misallocation. This also deals with how money is spent. In a study by Christophe Muller, he posed the question whether poverty measures are a real economic phenomena or only hidden consequences of methodological choices. He also stated that there is a difference between being poor in a poor community and being poor in a wealthy environment. Thus, it could be established that defining poverty lines is such a tall order. We cannot just simply apply the same measure everywhere and all the time. (3) One would be shocked at how many factors affect not only poverty but also our understanding of poverty. Technically, other factors such as inequality, taxation, and income distribution should also be considered in evaluating economic conditions. In his paper, Defining Poverty Lines and Identifying the Poor, Peter Sanders purports that the government has a stake on the people's welfare particularly in its policies on wages and social benefits. In reality, the government should not take on the burden of ensuring the people's financial welfare but the most that it could do is formulate sound policies to ensure equality and economic security. (5) Then, there is the question if poverty could be accurately gauged by a certain measure or statistics alone. Definitely, this is not so true since poverty could not be defined as something quantitative but more so qualitative. Poverty is also suggestive of the quality of life or living conditions. (6) Sanders further claims that in a so-called outcome-oriented perspective, poverty is not measured but rather experienced by those who fall to it. Poverty does not become potent when it is gauge but rather when it felt. History tells us that it is not only the poor who complain about life becoming more and more difficult but also those who are well off. The worst kind of poverty happens when the people and government could not afford to have or provide themselves good education. It could also be said that poverty in a nation is also indicative of its social and political system and the stability of its laws and policies. People really do have different notions of poverty and this is most times subjective. This is further elucidated in the study done on DSS clients. This further makes the idea of solving this social condition impossible especially if those stricken by poverty do not realize or recognize that they are poor. In addition, this disparity could happen on the other extreme, when the wealthy think that they are poor. A nation would have to be clear at establishing the poverty line or define the standards of living before it could effectively define poverty. Destitution does not just concern our needs and wants but also how we manage our resources or income. It was also discussed how poverty per se is not a single entity but something that could take different forms and just like every social issues, it has evolved. Now, in a paper entitled GLOBALIZATION AND POVERTY,

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Literature Review - Essay Example . Consumers are attracted through advertising and promotions. The first impression that a consumer attains through advertising influences his purchasing decisions. To create a positive impression, companies try to create a distinctive brand image for their products. The strategy is to utilize celebrities as endorsers in marketing campaign and it is growing increasingly popular. Companies usually use talent – movie actors, models, athletes or famous people for endorsement (Bergestrà ¶m & Skà ¤rfstad, 2004). Not just the large firms, even smaller companies with limited budget use sports and athletes to promote their products. Companies all over the world spend millions ever year to acquire celebrities to endorse their product. It hence become important to determine why companies choose celebrities to endorse their products, on what basis they select the celebrities and whether they get the expected returns from such endorsement. This proposal will briefly discuss the background with definition of ‘celebrities’ and after research justification and outlining the questions, based on the literature available, it will form a framework for research. A celebrity is defined as "an individual who is known to the public (i.e., actor, sports figure, entertainer, etc.) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed" (cf., Friedman and Friedman 1979 cited by Kamins, Brand, Hoeke & Moe, 1989). The use of celebrities for product endorsement was on the rise in the late 1970s. While it was estimated that 15 percent of prime time television commercials featured celebrities in 1975, by 1978 it was reported to be over 20 percent (Kamins, Brand, Hoeke & Moe, 1989). Kamins et al (1989) conducted a study to determine the impact on advertising effectiveness and credibility based one two-sided versus one-sided celebrity endorsements.

Monday, September 9, 2019

Obesity and Responsibility Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Obesity and Responsibility - Lab Report Example Obesity is defined as weight at least 20% in excess of the range suggested in standard height weight tables or a body mass index greater than 27 (Martin 2005).. Every year, child obesity costs 100 million dollars to the government. Poor education and absence of equal opportunities is the main factors limited the equal distribution of economic and social resources. The responsibility of the government can be explained by the fact that it does not introduce strict rules and regulations to control fast food industry and advertising. Most researchers (Anderson et al 2003) parallel child obesity epidemics with economic problems and development and growth of fast food industry which became a distinctive feature of the life style. Fast food life style is dangerous because it results in disbalance of nutrition and causes eating disorders. All fast food contains high cholesterol level which is the primarily cause of obesity. Limited physical activity worsens the problems of obesity. Most fast food restaurants popularize and promote unhealthy eating behavior which leads to obesity problems. Most food proposed in such restaurants is fat saturated with high caloricity level. In spite of advertising efforts to promote health conscious menus or calorie free diet, hamburgers and fried potato are the most "dangerous" products sold by fast food. Social dimens ions are manifested in the ability of mass media to control the circulation of ideas about body image and fashion. The researchers state that: Fast food consumption is the other leading suspect in the childhood obesity epidemic. Fast food typically includes all of the things that nutritionists warn against: "saturated and trans fats, high glycemic index, high energy density, and increasingly, large portion size." They further note that a large fast food meal can contain about 2,200 calories, which at a burn rate of 85-100 calories per mile would require something near a full marathon to expend!" (Anderson et al 2003, p. 30). Thus, children's relation to McDonald's and other forms of popular culture is complex: it is not always oppressive; it is not always empowering. All phases of the relationship must be analyzed in their specificity and uniqueness. In the same manner every aspect of McDonald's does not signal a macro-social dynamic at work; on the other hand, however, many do. Researching the impact of McDonald's on children's attention to the testimonies and actions of specific child customers of McDonald's is certainly necessary, but it is not sufficient in the inquiry needed to tell this story. The government can be blamed for false advertising and lack of strict control over fast food industry. The main social institution responsible for ability problem is a family. Staveren and Dale (2004) underline that today many families have a possibility to buy and eat healthier fat free food in contrast to low-income families which are used to buy lower-price fat saturated food. That is why more blue collars suffer form obesity than white collars. In addition, families with high income usually visit more expensive bars and restaurants where they order fat free dishes, but the popular place for low income people is fast food restaurants. The effect of fast food on risk of obesity is tremendous. It was proved that fast-food habits have strong, positive, and independent associations with weight gain and insulin resistance in young

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Article 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article 2 - Essay Example Mesenchymal cells can be induced into allocated tissues such as ischemic tissues found in the cortex. It is also significant to note that placenta, a small temporary organ, comprises of chorion and amnion where amniotic Mesenchymal and chorionic Mesenchymal cells are obtained (Miao and Yun-Yun 682). It was discovered that when Mesenchymal stem cells were implanted into Ischemic tissues, they produced therapeutic benefit since the cells had neuron-like cell transplantation that is used in treating cerebral ischemia. It was interesting to note that when Mesenchymal stem cells were applied, morphological changes such as condensed body cells were seen in some cells with majority of these cells revealing neural-like changes. More so, morphological changes showed differentiated or multiplied cells with a marker for astorcytes and neural progenitor cells that treated cerebral Ischemia (Miao and Yun-Yun 688-9). This is a clear indication that cell replacement medication is being developed as an attempt to cure central nervous system damage and illness. For instance, when Mesenchymal cells were implanted in a rats’ cortex, it showed cell survival and multiplication thus leading to recovery of normal functioning of central nervous system. The cells were injected in the rats’ ischemic tissues and enhanced neurological performance and balance. Miao, Zhung and Yun-Yun, Zu. Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Placenta: Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biology, 30:680-690,

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Media Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Media Audiences - Essay Example The intention of this study is technology as one of the aspects in the twenty first century that has not only changed the ideas, notion and perceptions of the human beings but also the way people live their lives. It has become one of the most significant and considerable facets of human lives. Moreover, the technological changes and the advancement in technologies in the last few years have proved to be much more in comparison to the previous hundred years. Furthermore, the exponential boost in the advancement and innovation is technology is in a continuously growing process. Therefore, no one can neglect the truth that the humans are now living and belonging to the society that has exquisitely become reliant on science and technology. In fact, according to one of the authors â€Å"Technology is one part of the complex of relationships that people form with each other and the world around them; it simply cannot be understood outside of that concept†. Due to such an immeasurab le development and progression of technology, it has gained and dominates over all pieces of human lives, weather it is business, health care, education, entertainment, travelling or personal relationships. Whilst looking at the world of business and commerce, one can figure it out that ecommerce has altered and transformed the business community and how one thinks about while doing business. From small business enterprises to giant multinational corporations, every businessperson is making the most of the technology in the today’s fast-paced world of online market. ... Therefore, mass media has become a powerful and prominent figure for the entire populace of the world (Haour, 2004). Audiences come under immense effects on a short-term, median-term and long-term basis by the technology and media due to its influential powers. The short-term effects of technology and media not only expose the people with the awareness and providing knowledge about an entity, but also modify and revise the obsolete and outmoded or inaccurate information, and increase their recall abilities about a meticulous announcement or advertisement. When the attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and opinions about social norms changes or alters within a person, that individual comes under the intermediate or median-term effect of technology and media. However, the long-term effect of technology and media relates and integrates all the impact of short-term and median-term in conjunction with focused streamlining the alleged norms and preservation of behavioral change (Napoli, 2011). The ideas about the audience dependency on technology have come under a range of studies and researches in the precious decades. The consequences of media exposure provides with the fact that the effect of media and technology on audience are diverse and wide-ranging. In addition, it has also been an understanding that audiences also leave an impact on the media with the intensity and incidence of their usage. Media and technology have come under advancements with a prime objective to promote social change in developing and under-developed nations. Therefore, with respect to this objective research studies have identified and concluded that knowledge gap and media exposure over time are the factors that affects and shapes the

Friday, September 6, 2019

Hate Crimes and the Homosexual Community Essay Example for Free

Hate Crimes and the Homosexual Community Essay Abstract In this paper I am talking about Hate crimes against the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. I show that though Hate crimes are classified as crimes that are evoked by sexual orientation, race, identity, gender, or religion. Hate crimes are more common amongst the gay and transgender men. I show states with highest conviction rate in 2012. I also show the upward incline in numbers since 2005 until now. I offer explanations as to who commits these crimes and why. Lastly I show the progression of time and how prejudice and hate crimes although upward in numbers are really being accepted in our communities. Hate crimes and the Homosexual community After the Civil war the Government passed the first Hate crime Law in America. Recently, in 2009 sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, and disability were added to the categories covered by the law. According to ( Stotzer,2012) these crimes are more common among homosexual men and the transgendered community, because most hate crimes are committed by heterosexual men. Even though lesbian women are victims of hate crimes, statistics show that hate crimes are more common among homosexual men and the transgendered community, because heterosexual men commit most hate crimes (Stotzer, 2012). Studies also find that twenty in 200,000 lesbians, gay men and bisexuals reported being victims of hate crimes. 52 in 200,000 gay men reported being victims of hate crimes. Yet only twenty in 200,000 reported being victims of hate crimes. Hate Crimes against Homosexual and Transgendered â€Å"There were 15,351 anti-homosexual hate crime offenses during 2002-2011†. (Potok, 2012, para. #). According to the (Intelligence Report, winter 2010, Issue Number: 140. The numbers show that gay men are two times more likely  to suffer a violent hate crime attack than Jews. Gays are 3 times more likely to be attacked than blacks, and five times more likely than Muslims. FBI reports say that hate crimes against gay men have been on the rise since 2005. Violent hate crimes against LGBT people grew by 48 percent from 2005 until 2011. In 2010 Census.gov shows that half of all hate crimes were based on sexual orientation bias (Census.Gov, 2010). In 2011 reports show that there were 26 transgendered murders reported in the USA alone. In 2010 the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey in USA found that approximately 75% of sexual-orientation related hate crimes were of a violent nature.(Stozer, 2010) Physiological Research on Straight Men Who Kill or Physically Harm Homosexuals Mison (year) states that [a] murderous personal reaction toward gay men should be considered an irrational and idiosyncratic characteristic of the defendant and should not be allowed to bolster the alleged reasonableness of the defendants act(Dressler, 1995, p.4). Helena L. Alden and Karen F. Parker also state â€Å"that homophobia and gender stratification directly influences the incidents of hate crime victimization† (Alden, Parker, 2004). People who commit hate crimes are not limited to but mostly are Caucasian lower-class men who commit the crimes for fun or simply in resentment toward a certain group (Comstock 1991: 60-62; McDevitt and Levin 1993). Studies say that most men who commit these crimes have no physiological defects or problems. This means that these men are committing these hate crimes knowing exactly what they are doing. These studies ultimately prove that the victim is not at fault for the attack. These crimes are being committed out of sheer hate, hence the name â€Å"Hate crimes†. Examples of Hate Crimes against Homosexuals Matthew Shepard In 1998 the sad and horrifying murder of Matthew Shepard woke people up to just how serious hate crimes are getting. Matthew Shepard was only 21 years old. He was first robbed, then beaten within inches of his life and left for dead by two men. The two men told shepherd they were Homosexual and wanted to hang out with him. Matthew went with them and was led to a desert where he was beat to death. They did not charge the men with a hate crime;  therefore it kept them from receiving the maximum punishment. Following the attention and emotion evoked by Matthew Shepard’s death People’s eyes begin to open, both in the public and in the political office. 11 years after Matthew’s murder Obama passed an act to include sexual orientation, identity and gender. In honor of Mathew this act was named after him and James Byrd Jr. The Act is the first federal law to extend legal protections to transgender persons (James, 1998). Gwen Araujo Gwen Araujo – born Edward â€Å"Eddie† Araujo was a pre-operative transgender teen. Eddie was born as a boy and began living life as a girl at the age of 14. Her name was legally changed to Gwen Amber Rose Araujo two years after her death. In the early hours of Oct. 4, 2002, Gwen was killed by a group of men in her hometown of Newark, California then buried in a homemade grave after they found out she was born male. The men were convicted of second-degree murder in connection to the killing of Gwen Araujo who was beaten, tied up and strangled, according to previous media reports. (Heinrich, 2006) States That Have Highest Rate of Hate Crimes against Homosexuals New York and California are the two states with the highest anti-gay hate crime rates.in 2011 in California a three fourths of hate crimes were motivated by the sexual orientation of the victims. The majority of hate crime reported in that category targeted gay men. â€Å"These crimes continue to disproportionately affect LGBT people of color,† (Marroquin, 2012, p. #). The second highest state is New York with a percentage of 19.6 in 2010 and 39.4 in 2011. (Lovett, 2011). In 2011, the most common reported types of bias motivation in hate crime incidents involved: race/ ethnicity religion, and sexual orientation leading at 40.6 percent.(Lovett,2011). Incidents with a sexual orientation bias increased 15 percent, from 119 in 2010 to 167 in 2011 (Lovett,2012). Consequences of hate crimes and conviction rates Haider (2001) states that â€Å"Hate crime policy implementation is shaped by the support and efforts of officers, the tractability of the problem, the support of police leaders, and the presence of state hate crime policies, police resources, and public opinion.†(p.1). The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 required the U.S. Department of Justice to collect data on incidence  of hate crimes. This Act was passed by Bush in 1990. As a response to the murders of Matthew Shepard president Obama passed the most recent act in 2009. This Bill helps protect the LGBT community against hate crimes. Hate crime laws seems to be good but due to lack of enforcement a lot has still gone undone. There are still many hate crimes unsolved as well as unreported. Numbers have not gone down but, they have gone up. (Parfaite-Claude, 2012). Conviction Rates are shockingly low. According the Attorney General’s Report, only 51% of cases filed as â€Å"Hate Crimes† result in Convictions . Conclusion In conclusion, No matter what state you are in the statistics say that anti-gay hate crimes are leading in numbers. Sadly, Crime against persons is number one. Second is crime against Property. What must be taken into consideration is that more than half of anti- gay hate crimes are not reported, Due to fear, pride, or embarrassment. Although America has come a Long way with its hate crime laws and convictions, something more must be done. The enforcers of the law must do their jobs and remain loyal to their promises to their communities. In effect the people will feel more protected, which will in turn help them to feel more comfortable in reporting crimes. The key to overcoming hate crimes is to overcome hate. References Gay men more likely victims of hate crimes. (2012, May 23). Windy City Times Altschiller, D. (2009). Hate crimes: V.1: Understanding and defining hate crime; v.2: The consequences of hate crime; v.3: The victims of hate crime; v.4: Hate crime offenders; v.5: Responding to hate crime. Choice, 46(12), 2418-2418. Brownworth, V. A. (1992, Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Lambda Book Report, 3, 34-34. Coker, C. T. (2011). Hope-fulfilling or effectively chilling? reconciling the hate crimes prevention act with the first amendment. Vanderbilt Law Review, 64(1), 271-299 Dressler, J. (1995). When heterosexual men kill homosexual men: Reflections of provocation law, sexual advances, and the reasonable man standard. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 85(3), 726-726. Fernandez, J. M. (1991). Bringing Hate Crime into Focus-The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-275. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 26(1), 33. Haider-Markel, D. P. (2001). Implementing Controversial Policy: results from a national survey of law enforcement department activity on hate crime. Justice Research and Policy, 3(1), 29-62. Herdt, G. (1995). The protection of gay and lesbian youth hate crimes: The rising tide of bigotry and bloodshed by jack levin and jack McDevitt / violence against lesbians and gay men by gary david comstock. Harvard Educational Review, 65(2), 315-315 Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 19-22. Heidenreich, L. (2006). LEARNING FROM THE DEATH OF GWEN ARAUJO?—Transphobic Racial Subordination and Queer Latina Survival in the Twenty-First Century. Chicana/Latina Studies, 50-86. Hoffman, S. W. (2011). Last night, I prayed to matthew: Matthew shepard, homosexuality, and popular martyrdom in contemporary america. Religion and American Culture : R AC, 21(1), 121-164. Lampinen, T. M., PhD., Chan , K., Anema, A., Miller, M. L., R.N., Schilder, A. J., Schechter, Martin T,M.D., PhD., . . . Strathdee, S. A., PhD. (2008). Incidence of and risk factors for sexual orientation-related physical assault among young men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, Mariana Marroquin(2011), L.A. Gay Lesbian Center’s Anti-Violence Project. Martin, S. E. (1995). A cross-burning is not just an arson: Police social construction of hate crimes in baltimore county. Criminology, 33(3), 303-30398(6), 1028-35 Morin, S. F. (1977). Heterosexual bias in psychological research on lesbianism and male homosexuality. American Psychologist, 32(8), 629. Nadine, R. R., Davison, G. C. (2002). Articulated thoughts about antigay hate crimes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), 431-447. Nolan,James J., I.,II, Akiyama, Y., Berhanu, S. (2002). The hate crime statistics act of 1990: Developing a method for measuring the occurrence of hate violence. The American Behavioral Scientist, 46( 1), 136-153. Parfaite-Claude, D. (2012). Gay-bashing, interrupted: the effects of the presence of state hate crime statutes on the prevalence of hate crimes against gay individuals. Stotzer, R. L. (2008). Gender identity and hate crimes: Violence against transgender people in los angeles county. Sexuality Research Social Policy, 5(1), 43-52. Stotzer, R. L. (2010). Sexual orientation-based hate crimes on campus: The impact of policy on reporting rates. Sexuality Research Social Policy, 7(3), 147-154 Tejeda, M. J. (2004). Egalitarianism and self-esteem as correlates of hate ideation against gay men and lesbians. Journal of Multicultural Nursing Health, 10(1), 42-50 Wilson, M. S., Ruback, R. B. (2003). Hate crimes in pennsylvania, 1984-99: Case characteristics and police responses*. Justice Quarterly : JQ, 20(2), 373-398