Term Paper on Budget Deficit Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Budget Deficit - Term Paper guinea pigThe primary deficit indicates the difference between short term establishment spending on goods and work and total short term revenues from all types of taxes and transfer payments while primary deficit plus worry payments on debt constitute total deficit. The government reckon deficit comprises of two elements such as circular and structural. A high unemployment rate is observed at the lowest point of a personal line of credit rung and this situation indicates that tax revenues argon low and ordinary welf ar expenditures are high. Under such circumstances, governments are forced to borrow additional money from external obtains. This deficit, realized at the low point of the business cycle is called cyclic deficit. Theoretically, governments will completely repay their cyclical deficit by the next cyclical surplus realized from the peak of the cycle. In contrast, the structural deficit has been defined as the deficit that remain t hroughout the business cycle as a result of excess level of general government spending over prevailing tax levels. This paper will identify the private roads of and solutions for budget deficit. It will as well as analyze two countries that have experienced budget deficit over the last few years. Causes of budget deficits Generally, government budget deficits arise mainly as a result of two sets of causes. Firstly, structural factors cause government budget deficit and these factors are determined according to the special characteristics of the economy and its relationship with the external world. Secondly, implementation of thoughtless government policies whitethorn lead to sharp rise in expenditures. This situation would in any causal agent directly lead to budget deficit. In some cases, it has been identified that governments lack essential fiscal castigate to control public arena spending. In contrast, governments may be often forced to increase public expenditures in or der to maintain healthy income levels and employment rate when monetary measures indicate that the private sector is falling into recession. According to Morrison, the five major structural factors determining a budget deficit are level of economic development, growth of government revenues, instability of government revenues, government control over expenditures, and outcome of government participation in the economy (Morrison, 119). The author argues that governments with lower levels of development are highly flat to budget deficit as they are pressurized to spend more on primary sectors like infrastructure and education and this condition may prevent them from effectively controlling their budgets. In addition, developing and underdeveloped governments may face issues like poor private saving and low tax revenues this situation would probably conduct governments to raise their public sector spending rates to meet public expectations. Similarly, when a government experiences verbose growth in revenues, it needs to treat its budget with deficit financing. Instability of government revenues indicates that the government may face difficulties associated with tax revenue fluctuations due to instable flow of income. To illustrate, export taxes will be the major source of revenue for petroleum export economies and such economies are vulnerable to budge deficit troubles in case of any interruption in petroleum export. Inefficient budgetary systems often raise potential

Introduction to International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction to International Business - Essay pillow slipInternational dish out and world output Free international trade facilitates the countries to specialize in the reach of the different goods based on the comparative cost advantage and the economies of scale due to various factors much(prenominal) as favorable climatic conditions, availability of raw materials, manpower and geographical location. The markets would be efficient on the global scale if in that location is free trade and there are no restrictions placed by the g everywherenments on the movement of goods by office of customs duties, taxes and quotas. When the world is moving towards this ideal situation, on its way the efficiency in the global markets will result into increased world output, depending upon the progress. However, various factors such as the need for protecting the agriculture and local industries, the goal of self-sufficiency, correspondence of payments situation and phase of the economic ripening of the country dictates the policies to be pursued by the governments. The world output is related to international trade, and for example during the generation of depression, trade will contract on account of reduction in spending in ecumenical by the consumers, consequently the world output and the revival in consumer spending will emerge when the consumer sanction increases once the recessionary pressures are over. However, the disadvantages due to poor foot have an adverse impact on the economic development in the developing and the underdeveloped countries, and consequently on the international trade. Rich (1992, P. 10) states that there is the problem of the emerging and developing countries who confront the advanced countries with the disadvantage of lacking sufficientindustry and infrastructure to compete, yet competition is the means by whichthey can develop their industrial basis and gain the technology for raising theirstandards of living. 2. Broad pattern of international trade underpin There are several models for predicting the patterns of trade. For example, comparative advantage which leads to specialization is based on the theory propounded by David Recardo. However, this Ricardian model of comparative advantage could be neutralized by several factors such as transportation costs and trade costs. Also, the increase in one or more of the components of the cost over a period of time could act as a barrier. Moreover, monetary policies pursued by the government takes into account the factors such as the overall balance of payment position, interest rates and inflation which may have a bearing on the comparative advantage (or disadvantage). This theory is also criticized on account of its assumption about the labor as the vital input. Also, the comparative advantage could be vitiated by the protectionist measures of the other countries. Theories such as New interchange Theory and Gravity model of trade are based on empirical analys is compared to the precedent theoretical models. The continuous shift in comparative advantage with reference to various products makes the international trade very dynamic and the pattern and thebasis for the balance of trade in goods and servicesundergo changes over the period of time. Proudman and Redding (1998, p. 19) state Theoretical models of growth and trade suggest that patterns of international specialisation are inherently dynamic and evolve endogenously over time. Economic theory pin-points some forces that leads to

Biology introduction assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology introduction assignment - Research Paper causeThese species argon found in Ontario, Canada. Under the Species at Risk Legislation of Ontario, the Northern map and the Snapping turtles are species of Special Concern while the Blandings and the Musk turtles are threatened. The greatest risk for these species is being run all over on roads and highways. Typically, turtles look for loose, sandy soils to lay their eggs in. But because exposed soil whitethorn be difficult to find in natural habitats, turtles are attracted to the artificially-created potential nesting sites such as shoulders of roads, railroad embankments, gravel drives and earthen dams. While they get to and from such locations, the turtles become vulnerable to both vehicular job and predators.Genomes evolve as a result of continuous accumulation of mutations. This means that the amount of variation in nucleotide sequences in genomes indicates how latterly those genomes have shared a common antecedent. If tw o genomes have diverged recently in the past, it is expected that they would have much fewer differences in their nucleotide sequences than two genomes whose mutual ancestor is more ancient (Tanaka & Aranishi 2013). Thus, by comparing several genomes, it is possible to figure out their evolutionary relationships. In most of the studies that use molecular markers, the predominant classes are mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has an important favour in all phylogenetic research because it is inherited from the maternal line (Chung 2013). This concomitant facilitates the monitoring of its infection along the different phases, starting in the early evolution. Another advantage is that Mitochondrial DNA has a high level of variability and a high rate of mutation, compared with the nuclear DNA ( Rubinoff and Holland 2005), in spite of the fact that it does not encode the information for the synthesis of many proteins. This fact makes it ideal for the

Leadership in the Field of Criminal Justice Term Paper

Leadership in the Field of Criminal Justice - edge Paper ExampleThe following questions pull up stakes be asked, discussed, and analyzed What does it take to become an current loss leader who people want to follow, does every manager need to be a leader, why is lead pictured in terms of how managers manage people, why is leadership portrayed in terms of how managers manage people, how arsehole you be said to lead people when you have the authority to tell them what to do, and what does it take to become an authentic leader who people want to follow? Although the answers to each of these questions vary with relation to the individual, form of management, particular leadership style, and setting in which it is put into practice, broad and overarching implications can be drawn from the applications of the answers to the above questions as will be demonstrated in this brief analysis.As the report declares the terms have clear connotation and denotation in written and spoken langua ge, when they are put into practice and a firm translation of which one leads to another can be a bit troublesome. For this purpose, this brief analysis will rub down to scrutinize leadership and management as they relate to the field of criminal justice. It is additionally important to label that each of the questions that this analysis will work to scrutinize have strong interconnected dependence and relationships among one another whereby by answering and analyzing one of the questions parallels and strong inference as well as development can be drawn on the other questions which are analyzed.

An Unstoppable Convergence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An unbeatable Convergence - Coursework ExampleThis fact has formed, as Ralf Nader puts it, a kind of duopoly in American political life. stock-still the point is that when one party loose, another party takes benefits from that. Along with the winner ideas and arouses of this party are realised on the highest level. And whoever comes to power, the result is always the same a corporate statist, because one ideology can provided win by restraining another. But thats not how things naturally should go in the society. Nader says in Introduction, he had noticed that an ideology doesnt matter in peoples everyday life. When he was tender and helped with the local restaurant his father owned in Winsted, Connecticut and also, when Ralf Nader was hitchhiking, he noticed that people did not organize themselves according to their political views, but they have ga on that pointd together a common interest and common current thing they need to do. Therefore Nader stresses on the idea that i deological confrontation disappears when theres a clear understanding what thing is the right thing to do. Behind an ideological chronicle of the problem, theres always a common issue which can be found and shared by opposite parties adherents. In U.S. history there are a lot of examples of such cooperation, or a crossing as Ralf Nader puts it. That means its not only an interpersonal relationships characteristic. In 1982 a coalition against The stock breeder Reactor Project in Tennessee was formed.

Amazon.com Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Amazon.com - Research Paper simulationSuccess performers determine the triumph of both current and future operating activities within an organization. There ar different achievement factors that define the success of an organization. The key industry success factors depend on the temperament of the organization and they vary from one organization to another (Rockart 81-93). For instance, marketplace share is one factor that determines the success if an organization. Depending on the market share, some companies will have a matched favour over the rest. For example, Amazon, the biggest online retail shop that also deals with other products much(prenominal) as electronic commerce is the world leader in selling various products online. With a market share of 29 percent, Amazon has a rivalrous advantage as compared to other competitors such as eBay, eMusic, Bol and many more. Another key industry success factor is customers. Organizations that have mastered the art of meeting the demands of the customers are successful and they understand market segments well (Daniel 111-121). tilt is also another industry success factor. Here, just like the competitors, Amazon strategizes on how to dominate the market by beating their competitors. For example, with retails shops all around the world, Amazon controls over 30 percent of the worlds consumer electronics and other online retail products due to its burly distributive and networking power. Lastly, the corporation itself is a key industry success factor. Amazon has huge resources and thereore this makes it more competitive in the market. Additionally, the burly innovativeness experienced in Amazon is decisive to its market dominance and has made it to have a competitive advantage over its rivals (Boynlon and Zmud 17-27). Company classifiable competences and competitive advantages Organizations, for example Amazon, which enjoys massive sustained profits within an industry, always have a competitive advantage ov er competitors. However, it is paramount to note that in order to have a prolonged competitive advantage, business strategy is vital. There are two forms of competitive advantage salute advantage and preeminence advantage. The partys distinctive competencies exhibit when the company is able to generate the same revenue as those of the rivals but at lower operating costscost advantage. On the other hand, a company that acquires more benefits than those of other rival companies experiences competitive distinctive competenciesdifferentiation advantage. Thus, competitive distinctive competencies are reclaimable to the company since they help it to fashion better-quality value first for itself, and secondly, the buyers. It is competitive advantage based on cost and differentiation that defines the companys success history and business success strategies. Through resources and capabilities, big firms such as Amazon have had a competitive advantage over their rivals in the consumer ele ctronics market and fair products, which has led to advanced value creation (Porter 3-24). In order to create a companys distinctive competences, there are two things to consider resources and capabilities. A company with superior resources and capabilities is already having an distinctness over its competitors. For example, with market share of 29 percent, Amazon already has a competitive adv

HOW DOES OUR FAITH IN RELIGION AND SCIENCE AFFECT OUR GAINING NEW Essay

HOW DOES OUR FAITH IN RELIGION AND SCIENCE AFFECT OUR GAINING current KNOWLEDGE - Essay ExampleAs a result, there have been conflicts as to the reliability of recognition or righteousness as sources of knowledge, which in turn affects muckles accomplishment of juvenile knowledge. In view of this, the aim of this paper is to show how faith in scientific discipline and righteousness affect peoples acquisition of new knowledge. Knowledge can be pursued through morality or science, though they both usance different methodologies. As stated earlier, research has revealed that conflicts exist between science and religion. Moreover, owing to controversial scientific discoveries, religion and science have been increasingly drifting apart. Science and religion differ because while scientific knowledge is gained through empiricism and reason, religious knowledge is ground on faith and divine revelation. In view of this, people with strong religious beliefs may not slow accept new k nowledge that is not based on faith or divine revelation. On the other hand, people with strong scientific beliefs may reject new knowledge that is not based on reason or empiricism. The differences in perspectives between science and religion have further been facilitated by the fact that while science is constantly changing, religion tends to be static most of the times. Religious doctrines seldom change, thus people who have faith in religion may have this mentality when it comes to the acquisition of new knowledge. Such people are usually hesitant to embrace new changes or developments in the society. Moreover, any teachings that deviate from their religious beliefs are spurned, regardless of how helpful they might be. This absence of tolerance could abash such people from acquiring new knowledge, since they are severely restricted by religion. Science on the other hand is more flexible, thus individuals with faith in science are open to new ideas. They also tend to be toleran t about other peoples opinions, since their perceptions are not restricted by any religious doctrine. As a result, it is easier for people who have faith in science to gain new knowledge, since such knowledge is considered a stepping st superstar to future discoveries. The inflexibility of religion has been demonstrated in various ways, showing that it indeed hinders people from acquiring new knowledge. The religious standstill on the issue of HIV/AIDS is a good illustration that faith in religion affects how people respond to new knowledge. Owing to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, scientists have recommended the use of condoms as one method of minimizing allot of the disease, which has no cure. However, the church, which is a religious institution, has strongly opposed use of condoms. The Catholic church strongly opposes the use of condoms, yet scientists have proved that condoms are effective in curbing the spread of the disease. Faith in religion that condoms are not acceptable by the Roman Catholic church has affected efforts by health professionals to teach people that using condoms reduces the chances of contracting the disease. Roman Catholics cannot accept the use of condoms under any circumstances, while at the same time they do not have a better solution to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. Although this new knowledge could actually save their lives, it is rejected on the basis of faith in religion. In this case, it is apparent that while scientific claims are indorse up by proven facts, the refusal of condom use by the church is only based on faith rather

Research on Ford Manufacturing Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

On Ford Manufacturing - query Paper ExampleEffective employee management is the most critical factor for organizations success. This story evaluates just about findings at the multinational automobile giant, Ford beat back keep company, in terms of employee performance and police squad structures. In this process, an attempt is made to understand the relation that exists between the two, if any. A short research give be conducted based on literature on Ford Motor Co and a elusion will be built to identify what could be the potential obstacles towards better performance and employee motivation. Further, this paper tries to ground that conflicts among teams members and between teams can presume performance at individual, team and organizational levels. These conflicts can also affect employee motivation and performance, which can be restored with effective leadership and appropriate organizational practices.1.1 The Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is an automobile produc er, founded by Henry Ford in 1903 and has multinational presence. The self-propelled operations at Ford involve designing, developing, manufacturing, sales and servicing of cars, trucks and other automotive parts. Ford Motor Co revolutionized its operations and business by making quality its main focus and adopted nub Quality Management approach to improve quality as well as reduce be and wastage. The company has its presence all over the world, with its main manufacturing units based in many parts of the US, some parts of Europe and Asia Pacific (Ford Motor Co., n.d).Ford Motor Co is known for the purpose of Fordism, which Siegel (1988) explains as the systematic control of all stages of accumulation from producing raw materials through marketing (cited in Jessop & Sum, 2006 p.59). This management concept yielded huge success to Ford during early 20th century. With changing markets, capitalistic structures and advent of other quite a little production techniques, Fordism was t ransformed from an

A Reflection on Children Full of Life Movie Review

A Reflection on Children Full of Life - Movie Review ExampleOn my part, the message of this short video virtually demolishes certain ideas regarding the aims and methods of teaching primary education level students. For a long time, I have always held on to the belief that instructors be supposed to project an photograph of infallibility when it comes to teaching subjects to students. Aside from this, I have also thought that teachers should be strict disciplinarians, unwavering in their commitment to impose rules on the students and even, unbending, when it comes to meting disciplinary actions. However, I could not believe it when the teacher, Mr. Kanamori, actually allows his students to express their showdown to his views and, ultimately, changing his previous stance of punishing Yuto. There are actually two things that struck me fleck watching the clip first is the students compassion towards their classmate, and second is the teachers teaching style and clutches of the stu dents independent and opposing views. I think that the two are actually related to each other. In the first place, a very rigid atmosphere in the classroom established by the teacher would make it impossible for children at such young age and to learn how to assert their ideas even if these are not in concurrence to those of the teacher.

Improving sustainable development of oil and gas in the Niger Delta in Essay

astir(p) sustainable development of petroleum and turgidness in the Niger Delta in Nigeria - Essay ExampleOn the very(prenominal) note, the ability of the emerging generation is said to be determined today, when the magnitude of that generation in the future is unknown. Niger Delta is rich in oil and gas deposits among other valuable minerals. Sustainable development in the linguistic context of oil and gas in the Niger Delta is more tailored towards environmental instruction. The environment needs to be monitored and influenced in certain way in a bid to enhance piece and business habitation in the region. In other words, sustainable development of oil and gas in the Niger Delta encompasses a sustainable management of human interaction and environmental resources to benefit both the society and the business undertakings in this region in present and future times (World Bank, 2002 Amnesty International, 2009). Environmental aspect of the oil and gas in the Niger Delta crude oi l and gas activities in the Niger Delta atomic number 18 significant drivers of the economy in the region and in Nigeria at large. A good proportion of oil and gas deposits are found in this region. Although most peoples livelihoods are based in the oil and gas industry, environmental management is quite a concern. ... As the situation stands in Niger Delta, there are a number of environmental problems that have resulted from the oil and gas industry in this region. They include seismic activity, drilling operation, transportation, exploitation and exploration and refining of crude oil (Nwilo, 2003, p.76). To benefit from oil and gas earnings, it is undisputable that the above activities have to be undertaken. However, the resulting environmental degradation cannot be ignored especially in the light of sustainable development. It is important to note that oil and gas activities are not the sole cause of environmental degradation in the Niger Delta. Other contributing factors includ e human livelihood activities, bunkering and militia activities, construction activities and industrial pollution (Oyibo Online, 2011). Sustainable development is highly dependent on environmental sustainability in current and future times. This is because it directly influences cultural, social, economic and political aspects of a nation indiscriminately. Therefore, in order to improve sustainable development of oil and gas in the Niger Delta, environmental degradation that results from it is all-important(a) to address. The needs of a society cut across social, economic and political factors. Aspects of Sustainable Development in the Niger Delta The improvement of sustainable development of oil and gas in the Niger Delta should encompass social, economic and political interests. A sustainable environmental integrates human habitation and business aspects to environmental welfare. This means that a sustainable race among the three variables improves sustainable development, impac ting positively to the social, economic and political needs of current and future

A sole trading business in Western region Assignment

A furbish up affair product line in Western region - Assignment precedentA sole trading crinkle in Western regionThis international buying and interchange of flowers by the sole trading business would be able to take advantage of the several measures taken by the government in improving the performance of the flower industry of UAE. The sole trading business under the name of Florist Fragrance would be in an advantageous position as they would be able to gain from the benefits of the innovative logistics centre set up for the trading of flowers. This would help the sole trading business to deliver the orders of their flower products to the international markets with less time and high quality of flowers with customized fragrance for their customers curiously in the western markets.The business of sole trading under the name of Florist Fragrance would display case specific disadvantages due to the product chosen for the international buying and selling in the western markets. notwithstanding the resources and facilities available in the flower industry for quick delivery of the flower and the accessory products, the international business faces the disadvantage due to the high volume of cost to be incurred for restoration of the quality and fragrance of the flowers to be delivered to the customers. The flowers are considered to be perishable items which have a fixed span of life beyond which the products perish. The sole trading business are thus required to ensure that the flower goods and the orders of the customers reach them in the afield market in the proper condition as delivered during the point of sale.

Terrorist Organizations Analyze Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Terrorist Organizations Analyze - Research Paper simulationUSA has been the prime target of the terrorist generally from the Islamic countries of the Middle East. Recent attacks on USA by the terrorist groups generated a path for exploring the detailed requirement for the study of modern terrorism. The author Robert, J, Chasdi delivers a perfect sharpness within the complexities of state sponsored as well as non state sponsored terrorism. A quantitative analysis take away been made by the author to highlight on the terrorism acts within the period of 1968 to that of 1993 through his old book Serenade of suffering which covers the terrorism spread in Middle Eastern countries within the metre span of 1968 to that of 1993. The author stressed on terrorist systems and their activities mainly within the four countries namely Algeria, Turkey, Egypt and Israel. He in like manner focuses on elucidating various socioeconomic parameters that promote terrorism, help of political factors and the people who are adversely moved(p) by these terrorist attacks. This book delivers the fact that the international terrorism has augmented at high levels along posing immense threats on the Western nations. The foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are mainly international terrorist organizations that are designated by the US Secretary with well-grounded jurisdiction under Section 219 of the immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The FTOs play a significant role for the target of neutralizing the terrorist organization and their violent activities.... http//www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2011/195553.htm The foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are mainly international terrorist organizations that are designated by the US Secretary with legal jurisdiction under Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The FTOs play a significant role for the purpose of neutralizing the terrorist organization and their violent activities. In this word published from the US subdivision of State as well as elucidates the detailed activities of various terrorist groups designated by the US department of State giving a chronological analysis of the activities of the terrorist organizations and also measures taken by them. The appropriate legal criteria for the purpose of designation of the terrorist organizations by Secretary of State have been also provided. 4. Shishani, M,B, (2010), Abdullah Azzam Brigades Claim to be Defenders of Sunnis in Lebanon. Terrorism Monitor, 8(45) This journal article is based on the perspectives of global terrorism analysis. This article is dedicated towards word picture the terrorist group Abdullah Azzam Brigades and their activities in Lebanon. The backdrop of this article starts with activities of a Saudi leader of Lebanese state who has proactively urged the Sunni Muslims for the purpose of refusing cooperation with the Lebanese state claimed to be infiltrated as well as dominated by Shite al-Jihad movement. The leade r of Lebanon Abdullah Azzam Brigades is Al-Qarawi. Al Qawari leads the movement from Lebanon and he possesses immense access to Lebanons political activities and debates. This article also reveals the groups objectives and the leaders criticism. In a statement Qari defending the Sunni Muslims stated that Sunnis in Lebanon are among the greatest sects of the oppressed

Presentation Critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation Critiques - Essay ExampleThe founding in addition include real life examples of people who had been highly successful as civilized engineers. The listeners were expected to be efficient in having an ethical approach in all the future engineering tasks. The information as delivered by the presenter would be beneficial in different engineering. The approach of the presentation was generic so as to be beneficial for the diverse nature of the audience.The presentation was carefully planned and delivered in a meet scientific manner. The information delivered was precise, properly arranged and was specific to the context. The seashores had a in force(p) flow and continuity self-aggrandising it a good narrative style. Catchy slide backgrounds and attractive color settings gave the audience a good visual effect. The selection of the font and other settings could add more authenticity to the whole presentation. Through the slide styles, the presenter ensured to be serious in areas required and to be jovial wherever required. The presenter also did well with the fluency in flow of information. The language chosen by the presenter to connect mingled with two slides made the presentation kinda attractive. The prime element of attraction in the narration of the presenter was that it could give an exact idea to the audience on what to expect in the slides which followed. However, the presenter lacked the skill to transfer to the crowd through the body language. There was hardly any eye contact with the audience. This made the presentation totally non interactive. However the use of proper animations and graphics in the slides negated this lacking and made the audience sign on right from the beginning till the end of the presentation. A number of tables were included in the slides which explained the factual quite efficiently. The bulleted captions gave precise direction to the audience. These elements along with the diagrams made the slides interesti ng and thus could get the full attention of

Effectivenes of vitamin D and calcium in preventing falls Essay

Effectivenes of vitamin D and calcium in preventing falls - Essay ExampleThe costs of falls management by the NHS have been increasing steadily and it is apprehended that by 2015 there will be 120,000 cases of fall each year (NHS report 2005).Computerized searches of the side by side(p) entropy bases were carried out EMBASE, Medline, Cinahal, Cochrane Library Systematic review, BMJ, PubMed, NHS Economic Evaluation, NHS National Library for Health, Health Techonologly Assessment data base, Cochrane register of controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Google, Ovid, Proquest, British nursing index and Reference list from review articles.Relevant randomised controlled trials, opinionated reviews, clinical guidelines, meta analysis in which vitamin D or Vitamin D plus calcium was given and decline of falls and fractures or prevention of falls and fractures was reported as the primary or secondary outcome. manlike and female, male or female community dwelling older adults60 who participated in randomized control studies that examined the long suit of vitamin D and or vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of falls and fracturesOf the 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria the bulk reviewed showed positive results on the supplementation of vitamin D or vitamin D plus calcium regimen decrease the risk of falls among older adults. In a pooled analysis of the 5 randomised control studies include in this study vitamin D therapy of (200-1000 IU) and calcium significantly resulted in the reduction of falls with an odds dimension of 0.814 in a 95% confidence interval of 0.715 0.926.I would like to acknowledge my son Jerome Scott for help me with the typing of my notes. I would also like to acknowledge the help and support given to me by my colleagues at work whilst undertaking this course.Falls among the elderly is a major health and social care tinct in the United Kingdom. According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation (2009), star in every two women and one in every

Desmond Morris reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desmond Morris reaction - Essay ExampleThe territorial space was most interesting to me because I have noticed that people make a fairly wide combination of affiliations depending upon the circumstances. For instance, not everyone in my grouping of flats has the same political affiliations, notwithstanding we are all neighbors and form a solid group whenever anything unfamiliar enters the neighborhood. At the same time that we identify ourselves as residents at this place, we also identify ourselves as students at the same school, workers at the same place, workers or students, members of particular political parties and members of different and usually often smaller social groups and clubs. When our group of flats gets together for community events, we present a solid group to the outside, but inside, we are organized and divided according to some of these other affiliations. While I had always imitation this affiliation process was a natural process of sorting according to indi vidual personality types, I hadnt considered how we established these associations so quickly within the group setting. Morris explanation into the various visual clues we render in our daily interactions as he came down to the familial level began to make this clear. For example, I all of a sudden realized that no matter which door in the complex I come to, I stack usually tell which resident lives there by the way they have customized their entrance area, which is otherwise homogeneous to everyone elses entrance area.

Earning a Quality Award Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Earning a tint Award - Research Paper ExampleThe first step that led to winning the concede was the incident that the ships company had been consistent in offering prize services to its customers. This was in line with the requirements of the of the Malcolm Baldrige standards.Secondly, despite the company not winning the award for many years since its founding, they went ahead to make use of quality feedbacks received everyplace the years from the award winners to improve their standards. Mike Frihart, a director at the company, was unflinching to complete applications for the award winning for several years and therefore highlighting the companys willingness to interminably advance by regularly reviewing their performance standards.In the third step, the management adopted employee motivation schemes to move on them to participate optimally to yield high quality products. They were rewarded with financial incentives proportionate to the companys success, which enabled the company to retain and employ workers with sufficient skills leading to the manufacture of the best possible products.Winning an award is appreciated the world over. Winners of any kind of award get a boost and are branded as achievers in their dealings. In this context, awards have been accompanied by the following benefitsCompanies that have won awards realize gain in the sales of their products because the awards act to prove validity of their products and reassure customers that the goods they consume are worthy. New customers similarly get influenced by this confirmation and in the long run demand for their products increases thereby improving sales.An award confirms good quality of goods/services by an organization. Through this, products/services are proved to be of required standards and the customers always feel satisfied to consuming safe goods. This is comparable to soccer scenarios. For instance, Barcelona FC has satisfied fans world over since they win awards every ye ar. Fans,

How the emotion affects the person Essay Example for Free

How the emotion affects the somebody Es studyIn the modern creation, emotions play such a turgid subprogram in almost everything plurality do, it is hard to make a end which will beat out the most desirable results. It is true, however it is looked upon, that decisions and choices atomic number 18 mainly made by the emotion that the person is feel towards the topic. A kind person will go join the Peace Corps and help adjutant stork the poor and starving, while a person with no grace towards much of anything will not handle enough to do something of that nature. Pity is one of the key emotions in making decisions. If someone feels sorry for other individual, they are much more likely to go out of their way to help this person. Whether it is from dropping a few coins into a beggars cup, or just helping out a friend, people have to go out of their way because of pity. Pity is more than a simple emotion which can lead people do to things for others, however. It can bring upon new feelings within an individual and help them to achieve a higher(prenominal) level of consciousness. Decisions are intertwined with everyone in the worlds lives, and if they do not begin to see the reasons behind their decisions, it could have waste results.Pity towards an individual can have an effect on almost everything in the world. Whether it is bargaining for the charge of clothing, to giving money to a poor person, there can be all kinds of changes depending on a persons circumstance. This, however, is not a good thing because there are always people in the world who do not care about others and can con someone and take advantage of them. Although pity can be good or bad, it is mainly shown as a sign of weakness in a person. It can make someone decide to do irrational things for another and bring them in danger. People say that having a ruthless leader would be bad, but they are wrong because world ruthless does not mean being evil or mean, it just means knowing t hat feelings cannot bilk in the way of decisions.Emotions are much more than influences in our decisions, however. They play a key role is almost everything in the world. If there was no emotion in any novels or movies or anything of that nature, how would we be able to enjoy life? Music is canonically an extension from our own human emotions, and that is why symphony can be integrated in much of our situations of life. In movies, it would not sound right if a swinging beat was used in a war scene, or viceversa. Thus, it is simple to say that emotions do play a role in our lives.The effects of emotions in our lives can vary from person to person, but no matter how hard someone tries, they cannot escape having and feeling these things. Whether it is good or bad, choices are made depending on the emotions involved in the consequences. Pity is one of the major feelings dealt with when faced with a decision about another individual. Are they poor? In need of help? These are both basi c questions that are asked to oneself when deciding on what to do in a situation. Although it is impossible to stay out of the stretch of emotions, it is very possible to realize the effects of them, and make decisions based upon the knowledge at hand.

Adolf Hitlers political views Essay Example for Free

Adolf Hitlers political views EssayAfter World war I, Hitler returned to Munich.75 Having no formal education and career prospects, he tried to remain in the army for as long as possible.76 In July 1919 he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklrungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, to captivate other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers Party (DAP). While monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attracted to the founder Anton Drexlers antisemitic, nationalistic, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas.77 Drexler favoured a strong progressive government, a non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. Impressed with Hitlers oratory skills, Drexler invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 family line 1919,78 becoming the partys 55th member.79A copy of Adolf Hitlers German Workers Party (DAP) membership card At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, iodine of the partys fo unders and a member of the occult Thule Society.80 Eckart became Hitlers mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of people in Munich society.81 To development its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party NSDAP).82 Hitler designed the partys banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red mise en scene.83 Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began running(a) full-time for the NSDAP. In February 1921already highly effective at speaking to giving audienceshe r to a crowd of over 6,000 in Munich.84 To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around townspeople waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets.Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches over against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews.85 At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic.86 In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the NSDAP in Munich. Members of the its executive deputation, approximately of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP).87 Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised his resignation would mean the end of the party.88 Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich.89The committee agreed he rejoined the party as member 3,680. He up to now faced some opponent within the NSDAP Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.89a In the chase days, Hitler spoke to several packed ho lend oneselfs and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful at a usual membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay suffrage cast.90 Hitlers vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. He became adept at using populist themes targeted at his audience, including the use of scapegoats who could be blamed for the scotch hardships of his listeners.919293 historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on monumental audiences, and of his eyes in small groups.Kessel writes, Overwhelmingly Germans speak with mystification of Hitlers hypnotic appeal. The word shows up again and again Hitler is said to have mesmerized the nation, captured them in a trance from which they could not break loose.94 Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper described the fascination of those eyes, which had bewitched so many seemingly sober men.95 He apply his individualised magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to hi s advantage while engaged in public speaking.9697 Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth, describes the reaction to a speech by Hitler We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic ostentation that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming stilt our faces Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul.98Although his oratory skills and personal traits were generally received well by large crowds and at moroseicial events, some who had met Hitler privately noted that his appearance and demeanour failed to make a indestructible impression.99100 Early followers included Rudolf Hess, former air force pilot Hermann Gring, and army master Ernst Rhm. Rhm became head of the Nazis para array organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, Stormtroopers), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A overcritical influence on his thinking during this period was th e Aufbau Vereinigung,101 a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and previous(predicate) National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism.102 Beer Hall PutschMain article Beer Hall PutschDrawing of Hitler (30 October 1923)Hitler enlisted the help of World evince of war I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolinis March on capital of Italy (1922) by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by challenging the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavarias de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Seier) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lo ssow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler.103Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation and support.104 On 8 November 1923 he and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Brgerbrukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahrs speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the organisation of a new government with Ludendorff.105 Retiring to a backroom, Hitler, with handgun drawn, look ated and got the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow.105 Hitlers forces initially succeeded in occupying the local anesthetic Reichswehr and police headquarters however, Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and neither the army nor the state police joined forces with him.106 The conterminous day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them.107 xvi NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup.108 Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts contemplated suicide.109 He was depressed but appease when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason.110 His trial began in February 1924 before the special Peoples Court in Munich,111 and Alfred Rosenberg became transient leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment at Landsberg Prison.112 He received amiable treatment from the guards he was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued a pardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutors objections.113 Including time on remand, Hitler had served provided over one year in prison.114Dust jacket of Mein Kampf (19261927)While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated nigh of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My debate originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle aga inst Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.114 The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great course by Madison Grant, which Hitler called my Bible.115 The book laid out Hitlers plans for transforming German society into one World War IIEarly diplomatic successesAlliance with JapanMain article GermanyJapan relationsHitler and the Nipponese Foreign Minister, Ysuke Matsuoka, at a meeting in Berlin in March 1941. In the background is Joachim von Ribbentrop. In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed Foreign Minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of mainland chinaware to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Japan. Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo, the Japanese-occupied state in Manchuria, and renounced German c laims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan.195 Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army.195 In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials.196Austria and CzechoslovakiaOn 12 March 1938 Hitler declared unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss.197198 Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland district of Czechoslovakia.199 On 2829 March 1938 Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten Heimfront (Home Front), the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938 Henlein told the foreign ministe r of Hungary that whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands he wanted to sabotage an understanding by all means because this was the only manner to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly.200 In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant his real intention was a war of victory against Czechoslovakia.201October 1938 Hitler (standing in the Mercedes) drives through the crowd in Cheb (German Eger), part of the German-populated Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, which was annexed to Nazi Germany due to the Munich Agreement In April Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grn (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia.202 As a end of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September Czechoslovakian President Edvard Bene uncover the Fourth Plan for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henleins demands for Sudeten autonomy.203Henleins Heimfront responded to Bene offe r with a series of reddish clashes with the Czechoslovakian police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts.204205 Germany was dependent on imported oil a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germanys oil supplies. Hitler called off Fall Grn, originally planned for 1 October 1938.206 On 29 September Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, douard Daladier, and Benito Mussolini attended a one-day meeting in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement, which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany.207208Jewish shops destroyed in Magdeburg, following Kristallnacht (November 1938)Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, transaction the outcome peace for our time, while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938209210 he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrcken.211 In Hitlers view, the British-brokered peace, although fortunate to the ostensible German demands, wa s a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to coat the way for the eastern expansion of Germany.212213 As a provide of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazines Man of the Year for 1938.214 In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts.215In his Export or die speech of 30 January 1939, he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons.215 On 15 March 1939, in violation of the Munich accord and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets,216 Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade Prague, and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.217

The Best Day of My Life Essay Example for Free

The ruff Day of My Life EssayThe most important day of my life was when I received my care for license. I was very proud of myself that I finally achieved my dream of becoming a nurse. Through subdue and intemperate work I was able to embrace this day with open arms. Ever since childhood I have known the value of a solid education and also having a meaningful profession. instruction is especially important a desire with being current in our ever changing day-to-day events. some other important factor is having a profession of your own choosing . It all came to me when I was a child. During my summer vacation I used to visit my grandparents. Every morning they would take the daily newspaper and would discuss what they read afterwards. I enjoyed their lively conversations about the events of the day.They would often include me in their discussions and asked me how I felt about certain topics. At the age of ten I remember watching a news channel where they cover the devastat ing loss of life and property in South America during an earthquake. My heart trembled, I was perspiring and I started to cry. I was so affected that my legs began to shake. I turned to my mother and said,Oh my gosh what butt joint we do to help those brusque victims? She gave me a hug, brought me to another room, and wrote out a check for fifty dollars. From that day on I realise that my passion in life was to be of service to those in need. The value of focused discipline and hard work encompasses all aspects of life. I learned a great deal about discipline during breast feeding school. Discipline and hard work is necessary for all achievements, especially outstanding achievements.Discipline goes hand in hand with hard work. Discipline makes it possible to endure the vigors of hard work, making it fruitful and self-fulfilling in the long run. I also realized that discipline is fruitless without hard work. These two qualities enabled me to strive forward towards my sometimes-elu sive prize. It is by solo understanding that the world is in desperate need of help and by recognizing not only the importance of continuing education, but also by the expanding beneficial effect to all those involved that we can truly uplift our planet by pursuing a course of unconditional service. My ongoing pick up has unexpectedly brought me a true sense of unlimited Joy, unforeseen returns, and a profound sense of inside peace and love.

Real world Essay Example for Free

Real world EssayCatherine is a bubbly young girl who wants to engender the real world. She is open and always ready to love or be loved. She doesnt really have oftentimes experience of this until she meets Rodolfo. Until now her only real male relationship has been with Eddie. This has been fine until eddies feelings change, when the sexual initiate of his spousal relationship breaks down and his feelings for Catherine become confused. We hear Beatrice saying we havent made love for 2 weeks this is how we know that the sexual part of his relationship is breaking down. Eddie has the ability to influence her. This is why she can non fully see Rodolfos real reasons for marrying her. However subsequent on in the play, Rodolfo and Catherine talk and she begins to see that Rodolfo really does love her. do you think I would prevail on my back for the rest of my life, a woman I did not love just to be an American. Is it so wonderful? . Eddie has already insulted Rodolfo m any(preno minal) times. He calls Rodolfo a paper doll, a weird and a canary. This is because Rodolfo can sing, dance, cook and he can sew.Eddie sees Rodolfo as a bit feminine because Eddie has very foreshorten views slightly manliness. He could think that Rodolfo might be homosexual and this could explain why Eddie chooses to kiss Rodolfo in an attempt to draw him away from Catherine. In the final scenes of the play, Eddie completely throws away all of his moral set to simply stop an engagement between his niece and Beatrices cousin. Deep down I think that Eddie knows this is wrong and is til now going against Eddies own code of conduct. When the immigration officers arrive, we see a sc bed and atoneful look on his face.This is obviously one of the moments when you do something when you are very desperate and you do something that you are going to regret later. This is probably to do with the fact that he has in-appropriate feelings for her. We realise this continually throughout the pla y but we are convinced when Eddie is at the end of his tether and he kisses Catherine. This could overly be seen as a beam challenge to Rodolfo. He also thinks that Rodolfo is only marrying Catherine to wash up a passport, Katie hes only bowin to his passport. He is actually marrying her because he loves her and wants to be with her.The reason that Eddie is yelling at Marco in the last scene is because Marco disrespected Eddie in front of the completely neighbourhood and said things that are considered very wrong, such as, That one He killed my children That one stole the aliment from my children. Personal and family honour, as mentioned before, is very important to the Italians and the Italian culture. Even at the end and a hot confrontation is likely, there is still a chance for Eddie to regain honour if only Marco will apologise. He says to Marco, in front of people around them maybe he come to apologise to me.Heh, Marco? For what you said about me in front of the neighbou rhood. There is no apology and the violent end plays out. With the final scene, I grasp the impression that Miller likes Eddie, I think that he slightly favours Eddie over Rodolfo or Marco. I get this impression from the way that Miller writes that he is a very passionate man and that he is not a man who cannot compromise easily and that he has such strong emotional feelings. This is also shown by the fact that Miller does not allow Marco to have any regret or feel any sorrow.In Alfieris final speech he says we settle for half and I like it better. He also says The truth is holy. This means that where the truth is concerned, you cannot, and should not settle for only half. He talks about Eddie neer settling for half. something perversely pure calls to me from his memory not purely good but himself purely he adds though, that he thinks that it is better to settle for half yet, it is better to settle for half, it must be he admits, notwithstanding against his own will that h e misses him I mourn him I admit it with a certain alarm.

Eternal Love Through Death in John Keats Bright Star Essay Example for Free

without end Love Through Death in John Keats Bright Star EssayLove, being one of the most debated topics in literature, often serves as a source of inspirations for many of writers and poets, including John Keats. Throughout his life, he wrote countless cacoethes meters and letters, addressing his go to bedr Fanny Brawne. The tether, apart from being the symbol of constantness and constancy, it is overly a metaphor representing Keats himself. Through Keats idea of Mansion of life, the poem is consisted of dickens floors where the first floor displays his ablaze slam for Brawne while the second floor babble outs about his inner desire for ending. Keats first expresses his ideal, til now paradoxical love. There atomic number 18 two essential yet conflicting qualities in this poem the public verses the ideal and the immortal verses the mortal. On one hand, he would like to be like a star, steadfast and unchanging. On the separate, he dislikes the solitude of the s tar as it has to watch the moving waters and the new soft-fallen hide/Of snow from afar like a sleepless Eremite. He continues to state that if he has to raging eer, he would rather pillowd upon my bazar loves ripening breast. The ideas to be eternal and to love simultaneously do non go hand in hand. To love, one has to be human and in that locationfore not an immortal, steadfast star. In the last line of the poem, Keats acknowledges that he would like to live ever in love, but he has to be human in order to experience love, which hints that the love between Keats and Brawne will not last and will eventually fade a personal manner as m goes by. The other possible alternative to immortalize their love is decease to remnant. One of Keats letters from 3 May 1818 to Fanny Brawne echoes the idea of swooning and it says I love you all I can begin you is a swooning admiration of your Beauty.(Poet.org) This can be interpreted that he wants to die while experiencing intense, rapt love or according to the letter, overwhelmed by her beauty. While I was reading Bright Star, I could not help but catch the similarity between Keats and Shakespeares idea of love. In the opening of Shakespeares sonnet 116,Let me not to the marriage of true mindsAdmit impediments. Love is not loveWhich alters when it regeneration finds,Or bends with the remover to removeO no it is an ever-fixed markThat looks on tempests and is never shakenIt is the star to every wandering bark,Whose worths unknown, although his height be taken. (Shakespeare)Shakespeare talks about his ideal love and marriage. Keats, being a reader of Shakespeare, is in some way affected or inspired by him. Shakespeare describes love as an ever-fixed marks that is never shaken even in the wildest storms. Keats transformed Shakespeares ever-fixed into steadfastness.Keats hence moves on to talk about a more sexual and sensuous love. With more explicit descriptions of my his fair loves body parts, those descriptions h int the idea of sex and orgasm. He imagines himself pilliowd upon my fair loves ripening breast. The sacred scripture ripening gives a notion of youth, implicating that the lady is young and energetic. Keats withal describes the rising and falling of her chest when she takes her tender-taken breath. If he could, he would so live ever. However, it is unthinkable to live forever and the only solution would be swoon to death. Keats did not explicitly assure the readers what it means to be swoon to death and leave us a lot of room for imaginations. The word swoon and other erotic images of the ladys body parts bring us to the subtext of the poem sex. La petite mort is a French idiom or euphemism for orgasm, meaning little death. According to Oxford Dictionaries, swoon means to enter a state of ecstasy or rapture. Whether he intended to talk about sex at the end of the poem is still indefinable as we have no idea of what Keats was thinking when he wrote the poem. Though Keats did no t write any overly sexual poetry, there is always a strong erotic indication in many of his works. If the sexual subtext is intended in the poem, I believe that it creates a nice denouement to the poem.Keats obsession with death and his love for Fanny are intertwined seamlessly throughout the poem. In one of his letters, he states I have two luxuries to brood over in my walks, your loveliness and the hour of my death (Poet.org). Not only is Keats intimidated by death, to some extent he is also intrigued by it. Even though he is worried about the approaching death, to him the promise of death is comforting and soothing. The only resolution to achieve the paradoxical ideal of being eternal as wellspring as experiencing love is death. Through death, immutability and steadfastness can be achieved. Keats has seen many people died in his lifetime. His father died when he was eight his mother died from tuberculosis when he was 14 his brother Tom died also from tuberculosis when he was 19. Along with his familys deaths, he has also seen a lot of patients died as he was also a medical student. Therefore, constantly seeing people die in a way reminds him of the transience and the mutability of life.There are some religious references in the second quatrain of the poem. All these references, other than conveying the loneliness and the solitude of the star, also illustrate his longing for the promising death. The poem was written in 1819, the same year when Keats contracted with tuberculosis. The word ablution is heavily loaded with connotations, both religion and about death. From the Oxford Dictionary, ablution refers to the washout or cleansing of the body. In Christianity, there are different forms of ablution and one of them is the preparation beforehand the burial of a dead person. Here Keats is hinting that his death is near and the priest will cleans his body later his death with the moving waters. Further Keats also mentions the soft-fallen mask/Of snow in th e following two lines. Seasons always act as symbols of different stages of human life in literature. Spring refers to birth or new beginning summer means maturity autumn represents old age while wintertime symbolizes death. In line 7-8, with the mountains and moors covered in snow, such explicit image suggests that death is approaching. Though death is coming, Keats is not browbeaten. Yet, he is fascinated with death as it helps him to accomplish the co-existence of eternity and love.Bright Star is a poem that can be read on many different levels. To me, the poem is not tho a declaration of his ardent love for Fanny Brawne. It is also an expressive lyric poem addressing his wonder as well as obsession with death. The main themes of the poem are smoothly woven unitedly and this showcases Keats expressiveness and his wit.Works CitedKeats, John. Bright Star. n.d.Oxford Dictionaies. Oxford Dictionaries. http//www.oxforddictionaries.com/.Poet.org. Selected Love Letters to Fanny Braw ne by John Keats. 17 October 2013 http//www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/21012.

The Stages of Development That Led to the Final Form of the Five Books of the Pentateuch Essay Example for Free

The Stages of Development That Led to the Final Form of the Five Books of the Pentateuch EssayThe Documentary guesswork states that the Pentateuch is a series of parallel narrative documents that train been composed and edited together by non-homogeneous people over different centuries in time. Some scholars believe that the composition of the Pentateuch was complex with numerous changes and subsequently additions. The stages of development that led to the final form of the five books of the Pentateuch , i. e. the oral, written and editing stages, was interpreted by assorted people over a period of centuries. Prior to any written documentation, it is assumed that stories and traditions would have been retold orally. notwithstanding during the time from Abraham onwards (1750 B. C. E) when writing was in existence, it was only used by professionals in the service of rulers and temples, as the majority of the population could not read or write. This meant the stories of the H ebrews were still relayed orally through stories, poems and songs. This gave rise to embroidery and certain inaccuracies as the stories passed from one person to another and between generations.Many of the stories were told as a promoter of entertainment to larger gatherings and by parents to children. Over a long period of time these oral stories or traditions were brought together as collections and, in time, became the source for written material. The Pentateuch was probably contributed to by four sources commencing in the latter(prenominal) half of the tenth hundred B. C. E.They were the Yahwistic source (J), in the ninth cytosine Elohistic source (E), the seventh century B.C. E Deuteronomist source (D), and the Priestly source (P) in the late sixth century B. C. E. As is evident, delivery the oral traditions into a written form was a complex and lengthy process spanning several centuries and handicraft upon different traditions, stories, narratives and laws, each with thei r own particular perspectives. Nevertheless, they did eventually all come together to form the Pentateuch which would have been edited by redactors in several stages over time.Given the lengthy process in cut down the oral traditions to written form, it is clear that there were various versions of stories which underwent continued augmentation or shortening. The process was therefore out-of-the-way(prenominal) from scientific thus giving rise to a significant amount of poetic license on the part of the editor. This led to inconsistencies and contradictions. It was indeed not until the Hebrew Bible was canonised in the first century A. D that a select version of each book was formally adopted and standardised.

Midnight rider. Environmental Science & Technology Essay Example for Free

Midnight rider. Environmental Science Technology EssayThe Midnight Rider unveiling This documentary series explores the life of capital of Minnesota Revere who was an American patriot. He was born in Boston, Mass, and he was a superb silversmith and also an ardent patriot however he was a ordinary military leader. As a member of sons of liberty, Revere became the main express rider for Boston citizens committee of safety (Peltier, 2005). His role was to carry information such as letters, news, copies of proposed resolutions and dispatches to the patriots who were dispersed all over tender England and also as far as Philadelphia and smart York (Pelley, 2009). Reveres famous ride in 1775 to Lexington was only the most popular of the numerous courier services that he carried out. Later Revere was court-martialed and accustomed an acquittal for his leadership for the period of failed 1779 Penebscot Bay expedition (Dorsey, 2007). Although was released his was not grated a simil ar treatment and thereof he was forced to walk on foot to Lexington and at Lexington Green he witnessed the late phases of the battle. incidental to the American Revolution, Revere carried on with great success his trade in silversmith (Sullivan, 2012). Revere supplied materials for personality of U.S.S and also worked to fascinateher with Robert Fulton during developing copper boilers for the steamboats (Keene, 2013). Americans in the 21st century have a pack in common with their patriotic forefathers even though they argon separated from the midnight ride of Paul adore by 238 years (Countryman Foner, 1985). They are ready to fight for their sacred rights whenever they feel that they are being denied their rights. They are inspired by the Paul Reveres ride since when they remember the reason for this ride they get inspired and are ready to face their own fight against the forces of tyranny (Dorsey, 2007).ReferencesCountryman, E., Foner, E. (1985). The American Revolution. Ne w York cumulus and Wang.Dorsey, A. (2007). Black History Is American History Teaching African American History in the ordinal Century. Journal of American History, 93(4), 1171-1177.Jensen, M. (1970). The American People and the American Revolution. The Journal of American History, 57(1), 5.Keene, C. (2013). Mystery of the midnight rider. New York Aladdin.Peltier, M. J. (Director). (2005). Paul Revere, the midnight rider Documentary. united states A E Home Video .Pelley, J. (2009). Midnight rider. Environmental Science Technology, 43(6), 1661-1662.Rachum, I. (1993). From American emancipation To The American Revolution. Journal of American Studies, 27(01), 73.Revere, P., Forbes, E. (1963). Paul Reveres ride a deposition.. Worcester, Mass. A.J. St. Onge.Ruepp, K., Heyne, U., James, J. A. (1995). Midnight rider. New York North-South Books.Sullivan, R. (2012). My American Revolution. New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Thelen, D. (1994). The Practice of American History. The Journ al of American History, 81(3), 933.Source document

Art Of Racing Essay Example for Free

Art Of Racing EssayDenny Swift is a actually smart human universe, especially when it is go time on the asphalt racing strip. He puts his mind into run for mode and lets the auto pilot take over and slide through all the corners, especially in the rainy weather that dissipates new(prenominal)s.This complex character is a rare human being, not for the reason of being a good racer in the rain. But he takes responsibility, when something happens from a decision whether hes wrong or right he owns up to it. Either taking the success with triumph or openly accepting the fact of being wrong. When he is wrong he trys his very hardest to resolve the situation, and fix things rather than putting it off to others or blaming it on someone else. But no matter what in any situation he implies the thoughts of others and taking them into consideration as well for what other characters in the book have to say and how they feel. When evening was sick she didnt want him to see, her like that and when Eve demanded Denny to leave he listened, also leaving Enzo by her side and Zoe in the care of Eves Parents.The real other half of Denny is his automobile racing career. He is a very experienced and quick racer, Dennys skill on the track are unbeliev adequate to(p) especially in the rain. He is able to predict what to do in situations on the track onwards they happen, turning before sliding, sliding before turning. A quote he says which is What we manifest is before us, meaning by decisions we make affects our early turn out and relates to his racing because he makes a move before its made for him. The part intimately Dennys career would be the time he has off the track because it is limited. He has to practise in order to get better, which is more and more time away from his family and his best friend Enzo.His racing loafer relate to his life, every(prenominal) choice he makes can affect his way of life. Just like every move on the track can affect your outcome at t he finish line. To be a very good racer, not only do you need the skills but the will power to compel the limits and be better than everyone. Denny executes dangerous maneuvers to be first to cross the finish line first. Denny trys his very hardest to be the best guy he can be whether it hurts him or not, and couldnt be or do what he does without the support of his loved ones, Eve, Zoe and Enzo, the mostimportant people in Dennys life that he cares most about.

The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Example for Free

The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay1.The Picture of Dorian Gray is the story of a young and beautiful military personnel named Dorian Gray who is frightened by the fact that he will in the end lose his fair looks and youth as he ages. Dorian Gray is the subject of a house painting by an artist, common basil Hallward. basil introduces Dorian Gray to noble enthalpy Wotton, who slowly begins to gain spectacularer influence on Dorian Gray. Lord total heat believes the only things worth pursuing in life ar cup of tea and fulfillment of the senses. at a time Dorian realizes that his good looks and youth will eventually fade away he decides to pledge his soul to his painting to ensure that the portrait will age and bear the burden of his infamy instead of himself.Shortly after doing so Dorian meets an actress named Sibyl Vane. He falls in love with her and they pass away engaged. But Sibyl decides to quit acting because of she believes she cannot pretend to love acting when sh e loves Dorian so much more. Once Dorian finds that Sibyl has quit acting he breaks the engagement and that night Sibyl hangs herself.After Sibyls death, Dorian begins a life of debauchery. Once rumors begin to sp fill of his infamous acts basil comes to Dorian to confront him nigh the rumors. forbidden of rage Dorian kills Basil and needs help disposing the body. After the murder Dorian is full of guiltiness and instead of repenting his sins he takes the knife he apply to stab Basil and stabs his picture instead. Dorians servants find Dorians portrait a beautiful picture of a young objet dart and their masters body lying on the floor. Dorians body is an grey-headed blemish man with a knife in his heart.2.The main characters in this story are Dorian Gray, Basil Hallward, and Lord Henry Wotton. Dorian Gray is an incredibly handsome and wealthy young gentleman whom Basil Hallward paints a picture of. Once Dorian meets Lord Henry he finds that his beauty will eventually fade an d pledges his soul to the painting Basil made. He soon begins a life of corruption.Basil Hallward is a painter who is infatuated with Dorians extreme beauty. He is the painter that creates Dorians painting that ages as Dorian doesnt. Basil is also a friend to Lord Henry Wotton.Lord Henry Wotton is a noble witty friend of Basil and later becomes a friend to Dorian as well. He eventually has a huge influence on Dorian and first puts Dorian in the mindset that beauty doesnt last for of all time.3.There are multiples themes in The Picture of Dorian Gray but the most central theme would be physical beauty and narcissism, and how they lead to self destruction.There are numerous situations of Dorian Gray hinting at narcissism. In the second chapter Dorian murmurs How sad it is I shall flummox old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this grumpy day of June.If it were only the other way If it were I who was to be always young , and the picture that was to grow old For that for that I would use everything Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give I would give my soul for that (pg28) This is when Dorian realized that his youth, his dazzling beauty, will not last forever. Dorian now realizes that he should treasure his youth more than ever. He also realizes would give up everything to go on his youthful beauty, even his soul. However, everything has a price to pay.Another example of Dorians narcissism in the book is on page 95 where Dorian blames Sibyl for the reason he ended their engagement. It was the girls fault, not his he had impression her great. Then she had disap fateed him. She had been shallow and unworthy. (pg95) Dorians attitude towards the expiration of his relationship with Sibyl shows how overconfident he is in his beauty and because of this overconfidence he loses the woman he loves.The last example of how narcissistic attitude leads to destruction is the decision of the story. In the end of the story Dorian ends up killing himself because of all the horrible things he had d unrivalled in his life. He stabs himself with the knife he used to kill Basil and once he kills himself he turns old and his picture becomes young again.4. Oscar Wildes penning style in The Picture of Dorian Gray uses a great deal of detail and an abundance of witty dialogue. Wilde uses Lord Henry to provoke humor with his theories on how life should be lived with only pleasure. more(prenominal) often though Wilde uses description to create the mood, tone, and setting of the story. Wilde describes each setting in the story with great detail making clear what he wants the picture of the setting to look like in ones head. On page 4 Wilde wrote As the painter looked at the gracious and comely act upon he had so skillfully mirrored in his art, a smile of pleasure passed across his face, and seemed about to linger there.In this description Wilde sets the mood, tone, and sett ing. He also describes each character with great detail. Lord Henry stroked his pointed brown beard, and tapped the toe of his patent-leather boot with a tasseled ebony cane. (pg11) Wildes descriptions of Lord Henry helps the reader create a better idea of what the characters are like and what they look like.Wilde wise point of view on the story gives insight to each of the character thoughts and reasoning behind their actions. With this point of view the reader can understand Dorians motives behind pledging his soul, breaking his relationship with Sibyl, and ending his life.5.The Picture of Dorian Gray is one of the most intriguing and unique books I have ever read. The storyline of the story is unique itself because I dont believe Ive ever read a book about a man pledging his soul to a painting to preserve his youth. Dorian Grays character is invigorating. His selfishness made me want to both strangle him and continue reading throughout the entire story. Lord Henrys wit was strik ing and offensive but also thought provoking. The slight homosexuality between Basil and Dorian was humorous.Not only was the book full of interest viewpoints on life and rude behavior it was also enlightening. Although Dorian was selfish and wrong for pledging his soul so that he could stay young his thoughts are understandable. The notion that getting older isnt as satisfying as it may seem to others is an idea that I can relate with but I would never sell my soul for it. This book was well worth the read even though the beginning seemed diverseness of dry to me.

International Problems in the Uk Essay Example for Free

International Problems in the Uk experimentThis analyse aimed at investigating the donnishian opus problems of the Arab graduate student students of the College of Business at Universiti Utara Malaysia and to provide solutions to these problems. For this purpose, cardinal research questions were posed and the answers to these questions were provided and discussed. The data for the study were collected via ( facet-to-face) interviews. The datarmants of this study were postgraduate students from the College of Business at Universiti Utara Malaysia for the faculty member year 2008-2009.The findings of the study revealed that the students faced problems in coition to diction register, organization of ideas, grammar, spelling, and referencing. Introduction Nowadays, inc bank line comprises an of the essence(predicate) role in education and students atomic number 18 expected to communicate efficaciously in institutions where slope is the speciality of instruction. Learners face the task of holding content argona in subjects such(prenominal) as mathematics, social studies, acquisition, and furrow which be taught in the target langu while (side).In such cases, teaching and dateing of incline go off benefactor the students to deal conquestfully with their pedantic demands and to perform successfully in their disciplines and professional con schoolbooks (Adams Keene, 2000). indite FOR academician PURPOSES PROBLEMS confront BY ARAB high STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 1 clairvoyance World, sheer 2 (28), al-Quran 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info In the academic context, Dudley-Evans St. John (1998) point out that the students ar required to produce particular piece genres such as examine, summary, deprecative review, and research paper.However, focus on the distinguishing regularities of structure of different text types put forward help chinkers build a repertoire of the organiz ation and the relevant style forms of different genres. It can as well as annoy learners advised of the socio-linguistic role that texts play in particular discourse communities. In postgraduate studies in Malaysia, as pointed out by Baskaran (1983), incline plays a vital role in helping to initiate students into the academic community in acquiring non only the language increase necessary but the specific genres pertaining to these communities.Like any second language learners, Arab learners face many problems in acquiring English. Many studies (Abbad, 1988 Hisham, 2008 Rababah, 2003 Zughoul and Taminian, 1984) return been mannered in the Arab world to suss out the problems of acquiring English among Arab learners. Zughoul and Taminian (1984 4) imbed that Jordanian EFL students commit serious lexical errors while communicating in English. Rababah (2003) emphasized that there were problems of acquiring English among Arab learners beca riding habit of formal instruction by language teachers who are native speakers of Arabic.An different reason given by Rababah (2003) was the limited opportunities Arab learners deport to learn English through natural interaction in English since they only encounter native speakers of English who come to the Arab world as tourists. Hisham (2008) canvassd the problems that Arab students of business might pass on at University committal to writing FOR faculty member PURPOSES PROBLEMS face up BY ARAB postgraduate STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 2 clairvoyance World, lie with 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info Utara Malaysia.He found that those students face problems in vocabulary register, grammar, and referencing. Abbad (1988 15) admits the weakness of Yemeni learners of English, and he states that in spite of the low proficiency level in English of most applicants (Yemeni learners), they are accepted into the English department. In most of the Arab unive rsities, exalted school graduates are still accepted to pursue a program, such as English Studies, in spite of their weaknesses in that language. Arab learners find it difficult to communicate freely in English.Abbad (1988) mentions that their problems are due to the remote methods of language teaching and the learn environment which some judge are unsuitable for learning a outside language. The students appeared to have many problems when writing in English, m onetary standardised not learned how to organize their ideas, beca part it is a new experience for them. For students to succeed in a foreign language generally, and writing skills specifically, they fatality to purlieu themselves in a language learning environment. In the case of the Arab world, Arab learners have little opportunities to map the foreign language in their society.As a result, many problems occur when they study at a university where the metier of instruction is a foreign language like English. Lite rature Review English for Specific Purposes ( clairvoyance) is split up into English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP). It aims to prepare students, in a relatively short conclusion of time, to communicate, read, and indite better so they can work WRITING FOR pedantic PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB graduate student STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 3 second sight World, replication 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world.info stamp downly and successfully in accepted activities. In vow to achieve this goal, ESP activities have to be presented in context because context is the fundamental idea of ESP. The otherwise point that has to be taken into consideration in teaching ESP is to use au pasttic materials this will lead the students to acquire what they need to develop for their jobs (Hutchinson Waters 1987). agree to Dudley-Evans (2001), the absolute characteristics of ESP are ESP is de signed to meet the specific needs of the learners. ESP swords use of the underlying methodological analysis and activities of the specialization it serves. It is centered not only on the language (grammar, lexis, register), but also on the skills, discourses and genres appropriate to those activities. English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) EOP can be grouped into business English, professional English (e. g. English for doctors, lawyers) and vocational English (e. g. English for tourism, aviation, and nursing). Several studies (Flanegin and rudd, 2000 Goffman, 1979 Pakir, 1999, Puvenesvary, 2003) have been conducted on the richness of English in the occupational fields. Flanegin and Rudd (2000) discuss the need and importance of English skills in all professions.In addition, they emphasize on the importance of communication skills in the business and management fields by suggesting some solutions to enable students to be sound communicators in business majors. Goffman (1979) in dicates that business negotiations are carried out and letters are usually create verbally in English. This sometimes discomforts those whose first language is not English. WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 4 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world.info The use of English is even more general because of the business-environment revolution. In fact, Pakir (1999) points out that the spread of English is most likely to continue because of the rapid spread of telecommunication, press communication, business, and internet links. Thousands of international non-native to non-native communication and deals are undertaken daily in a huge number of qualifytings trade, diplomacy, tourism, journalism, science and technology, politics etc. As a result, there is a need to ensure there are competent writers and speakers of English.Puvenesvary (2003) reveals the importanc e of being a competent writer of English in the banking sector in Malaysia and the consequences of poorly-written business letters to clients. Methodologies for Teaching Writing for Academic Purposes Prior to discussing the theories think to writing for academic purposes, a few studies will be highlighted in relation to writing problems (Arndt, 1987 Badger and White, 2000 Davies, 1988 Hyland, 2003 Jordan, 1997 Kambal, 1980 Myles, 2002 Paltridge, 2001 Silva, 1990 Smith, 1982 Swale, 1990 Tribble, 1996 Vygotsky, 1978 and Zughoul and Husain, 1985).Kambal (1980) analyzed errors in triad types of free composition written by first year Sudanese university students. The study took into consideration the major syntactic errors made by these students in the verb phrase and the noun phrase. Also, Kambal (1980) reported that the three main types of errors made in the verb phrase are verb formation, puree, and subject-verb agreement. He discussed errors in tense within five categories tense s equence, tense substitution, tense marker, deletion, and confusion of perfect tenses.WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 5 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info The findings of this study reveal that the third-person singular marker was used redundantly, and they also revealed the use of the incorrect form of verb to be. Zughoul and Husain (1985) point out that the insufficiency of lexical variety, subordination, and their heavy reliance on redundancy that does not add any new information to the text are the main problems learners have in writing skills.As a result, L2 practitioners are still in search of a coherent, complete theory of the teaching of writing. The major writing theories proposed in the literature are product, process, and genre. Product Approach According to Silva (1990), the product theory of writing highlights form and syntax and it emphasizes rhetorical drills. The product theory focuses on the written product sooner than on how the learner should approach the process of writing. In this theory, writing concerns the familiarity about the structure of language, and writing development is the result of the mimicry of input (Badger and White, 2000).In addition, Arndt (1987) argues that the importance of imitation and a model in this theory are not only for imitation but also for exploration of analysis. Similarly Myles (2002) confirms that if the students are not exposed to written model texts, their errors in writing are more likely to subsist. In fact, Jordan (1997) indicates that the students are required to focus on a model, form, and duplication. In other words, the students study model texts and attempt various exercises that enable them to draw attention to relevant features of a text, and then replicate them in their own writing.WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 6 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info Process Approach Another theory which was proposed in put up to teach writing is the process theory. Hyland (2003) indicates that the process theory focuses on how a text is written instead of the final outcome. He adds, the process theory has a major influence on understanding the temperament of writing and the way writing is taught.Therefore, the process theory emphasizes on the importance of certain procedures such as pre-writing, drafting, evaluating, and revising. He pointed out that the process theory would involve introducing techniques that help the students identify and engage a national students are required to show multiple drafts of a work. After discussion and feedback from evaluators, the students would revise the drafts. Rewriting, revision, and edit are essential parts to writing in this theory.In a similar vein, Jordan (1997) states that process writing enables the students to get through clearer decisions about the direction of their writing by certain procedures such as discussion, tasks, drafting, feedback, and informed choices. The advantage in adopting the process theory is in updating the importance of the cyclical and recursive nature of writing that is diligent by native writers where ordinarily pre-writing, writing, and rewriting frequently seem to be going on simultaneously (Smith, 1982 104).Tribble (1996) explains the process-based approach in teaching academic writing. He says that the students first brainstorm in small groups the radical to be discussed in writing this helps them to generate ideas before starting to write. This is followed by gathering an outline of the essay and individually writing its first draft. Students revise their first drafts WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 7 ESP Wo rld, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010.http//www. esp-world.info and give them to other students for peer-reviewing and commenting on. The final stage is editing the essay by the writer himself/herself to eliminate all language errors. Thus, this approach focuses on process rather than product. Genre Approach The genre theory in writing emphasizes on the social context in which writing is produced (Badger and White, 2000). Swales (1990) explains that the genre theory is a class of communicative events and that the members of the communicative events share some set of communicative purposes which are identified by the expert members.In the academic context, the experts will be the lecturers who are teaching the various subjects. As claimed by Davies (1988), students, teachers, and subject tutors are all involved in the written language for a selected field of study and the forms of expression permitted within the field. Davies (1988 131) suggests that the students, in aiming to attain aca demic success somehow discover the criteria by which the different genres they produce are assessed. He seems to suggest that the criteria are not made explicit to students.Swales (1990) emphasizes the genre-based approach in teaching academic writing. He focuses on analyzing communicative purposes of the text read by learners and the means used by the writers of these texts to reach such purposes. In this approach, the students learn to write their own texts trying to achieve similar communicative purposes by way of choosing the most suitable and communicative language means for that. WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh.8 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info Flowerdew (2002) views the genre approach as a dynamic approach which varies across time, across disciplines, and across instructors in the disciplines. Thus, the aim of the genre approach in wr iting is to help students master the conventions of a particular form of genre that is relevant to their specific situation. This approach requires collaboration with instructors from the disciplines, which may not always be possible (Flowerdew, 2002).It is important for the teachers to have cooperation with the students, with the teacher taking an authoritative role to shop learners as they move towards their potential level of performance. Similarly, Paltridge (2001) proposes a framework that involves exploring the texts and contexts of students-target situation, enabling reflection on writing practices, exploiting texts from various types of genre and creating mixed genre portfolios. The Objectives of the Study The main objectives of the current study are To investigate the types ofwriting carried out by Arab postgraduate students in the business programs at the College of Business at UUM. To investigate the writing problems that Arab postgraduate students face in their business programs at UUM. To find out the causes of the writing problems among Arab postgraduate students of business programs at UUM. To suggest some solutions to solve the writing problems among Arab postgraduate students in the business programs at UUM WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 9.ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info Research Questions This study aims to answer the following questions 1. What are the types of writing carried out by Arab postgraduate students in the business programs at UUM? 2. What are the problems faced by the Arab postgraduate students of the business programs at UUM in relation to writing skills? 3. What are the causes of the writing problems among the Arab postgraduate students of the business programs at UUM? 4. How to overcome the writing problems faced by Arab postgraduate students of the business programs at UUM?Subjects The informants for this study were 10 Arab postgraduate students in the business programs of COB who are doing their masters degree by coursework at Universiti Utara Malaysia. The informants have sat for the UUM English Language fix Test and only three have passed this test. The informants are 5 Jordanians, 2 Iraqis, 2 Libyans, and 1 Yemeni. The age of the informants range from 25 to 40 (see table 3. 1). The original names of the students have been replaced with fictitious names in line with research ethics in keeping the identity of the informants confidential.Research Instrument This is a qualitative study and the researcher used semi-structured interviews to collect data. Gray (2004) indicates that the reasons for choosing qualitative methods for collecting data are the need to attain highly personalized data, there are opportunities for WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 10 ESP Wo rld, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info probing, a good return rate, and helps the respondents if they have difficulties with written language.Research Design This study is a qualitative study and it utilized semi-structured interviews in a face-toface interaction to explore the students beliefs and thoughts about certain topics, this is in line with Lynchs (1996) view that, the use of semi-structured interviews enhances the understanding of the data and makes the data collection more systematic as compared to the informal conversational approach. Findings and backchat The findings reported in the next section are based on the four questions posed in the students interviews. Writing Types in the Business Programs.It was found that the business students interviewed were required to write several types of academic texts wander papers, article reviews, summaries, reports, article critiques, proposals, comparative analyses, book reviews, essays, and case studies (see table 1). dishearten 1 Writing tasks in the business programs oppugn Q1 what type of writing do S1 you carry out in your program? Projects 1 Total S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 (n=10) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 11.ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info condition Reviews Summaries 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 3 Reports 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Article critiques 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Proposals 1 1 Comparative Analysis Book Reviews Essays Exams for 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 Case Studies 1 1 1 1 4 S=student As revealed by the study, students of the business programs are required to produce various genres of academic writing such as projects, article reviews, summaries, reports, article critiques, proposals, comparative analyses, book reviews, essays, and case studies.This is because these tasks require students to employ their critical thinking skills, read widely, and apply what they have learnt in their courses. This list of tasks provided partially concurs with the findings of Barbara et al. (1996) who pointed out that reports, WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 12 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info proposals, and projects are the most frequently written business tasks performed by business students.The identified tasks can provide English language instructors insights into selecting and implementing tasks for the English for Business courses. Teachers and curriculum developers can create business English courses based on the results of the needs analysis carried out in the study. Thus, teachers and curriculum developers can give special attention to tasks like projects and reports in the language courses, so that students can be well versed in these tasks. This is in line with the view of St.John (1996) and Chew (2005) who claimed that frequent target tasks can offer a tentative stem for choosing and implementing tasks for the targeted Business English Communication course. Problems with the Writing Tasks It was found that while carrying out their writing tasks, the business students face problems in vocabulary, grammar, organization of ideas, spelling, and referencing (see table 2). Table 2 Problems with writing tasks in the business programs Interview Q. 2 What are the problems you face in carrying out the writing Total tasks? S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 (n=10) Vocabulary Problems (VP) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10.Register (VR) General (VG) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 7 13 WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info capacity (VC) Paraphrasing (P) Expressing Ideas (EI) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 8 Grammatical Problems (GP) Prepositions (GPP) Articles (GPA) Tenses (GPT) intelligence service order Organization of ideas 1 1 1 3 Spelling Referencing APA Style (RS) Ignorant (RI) 1 1 1 1.As shown in this study, the postgraduate students of the COB programs at UUM have problems in English academic writing. The major problem that the students mentioned is vocabulary. This is because a reasonable vocabulary size is needed for students to function effectively in their programs. This concurs with Coxhead Nation (2001) who stated that approximately 2,000 words are seen in most uses of the English language. The standard list of these words is the General Service List (GSL) of English Words. The GSL is divided into two parts, the first one is GS1 which contains 1,000 words and the second part is GS2 which also contains 1,000 words.GS1 covers about 77% of academic texts and GS2 25%. The first mob contains words that frequently appear in academic texts regardless of subject areas, but they are not common in non-academic materials. As WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 14 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info a result, learners have to learn the words in the GS2 so that they would have less difficulty in pursuing their postgraduate studies.In addition, Rababah (2003) pointed out that the students often lack the necessary vocabulary when they are engaged in authentic communicative situations such as writing and speaking. As a result, the students will be unable to express their ideas freely and accurately because of their limited vocabulary. These difficulties can be solved by offering more discipline-specific reading courses in order to improve the students vocabulary size and depth to help them in their academic writing. Also, the students become advised of what to expect in their a cademic disciplines.This is in line with Kaspers (2000) view that by providing materials that concentrate on content, the students can be aware of the concepts, audience, and the purpose of their academic disciplines. Moreover, the findings of the current study revealed that the students face difficulties in grammar. Grammar is extremely important in transfer accurate messages. Key grammatical forms include tenses, voices, modals, articles, nominalization, and logical connectors (Dudley-Evans St. John, 1998). Therefore, it is advisable to restrict these forms and create materials which enable the students to improvement in their academic writing.This coincides with Hutchinson Waters (1987), who emphasized on identifying the grammatical forms and produced materials that took these forms as their syllabus. Allen Widdowson (1974) stated that the students needs could be only met by WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINES S, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 15 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info a course that develops the knowledge of how sentences are combined together to make meanings. Another problem, which has been mentioned, was the problem of referencing.Writing references according to certain conventions (APA, IEEE, etc) helps the students to be scholarly writers and trains them in academic integrity. victimisation certain computer programs such as the End-Note program could help the students to achieve that purpose. As such, COB should conduct training sessions for students to use that kind of program which is available in the UUM library. Causes of Writing Problems It was found that the students attributed their problems in English to their weak foundation, environment, and methods of teaching English in their countries. untoughened foundation is related to the status of English, the students motivation to learn English, and the teachers lack of interest. En vironmental reasons include the use of the mother tongue, few opportunities to practice English, and isolated culture. On the other hand, methods of teaching English included the medium of instruction, using Arabic in English classes, writing do in Arabic, teachers low proficiency in English, and lack of writing practice in educational institutions (see Table 3). WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh.16 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info Table 3 Causes of problems in writing tasks in the business programs Interview Q3 Why do you think you have S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Total these problems in writing? (n=10) 1 1 1 1 Weak Foundation (WF) 1 1 1 1 8 Status of English Motivation Teachers drop of interest Environment 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 8 Mother tongue Few opportunities to practice English Isolated culture Methods of teachin g English 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 7 Medium of instruction Writing done in Arabic Teachers low proficiency 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 Using Arabic in English classes Lack of practice writing in educational institutions 1 1 1 1 17 4 WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info Suggestions to overcome Academic Writing Problems nigh suggestions were provided by the informants to improve their writing skills.Most of them emphasized the role of COB, others emphasized the learners roles, and some concentrated on the teachers roles, and the writing development process (see table 4. 4). Table 4. 4 Suggestions from the informants to overcome academic writing problems Interview Q4 How do you think you can improve your Academic Writing skills? Learner Autonomy (LA) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Total (n=10) 5 1 1 1 1 1 Reading Extensively Extra Classes Teachers Role (TR) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 Speak simple English Use multiple techniques Correct students errors maturation the number of writing tasks College Role (CR).1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Discipline specific materials Discipline specific English test 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh 18 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info The students pointed out that teachers play an important role in improving their academic writing skills. They suggested that teachers ought to correct the students grammatical errors.This coincides with Gocsik (1997) who argued that dealing with the students grammatical errors, as they arise in students writing is helpful. By doing so, it helps to build students awareness of the different types of grammatical errors they are making and encourage them to check their errors by using grammar handbooks. Moreover, the students proposed that teachers should employ multiple teaching techniques in order to improve students academic writing. Using some fun activities like games and scrambled sentences would motivate the students in learning English.This concurs with Ober (1992) who emphasized on including micro-writing activities that focus on the students problems in writing and using activities that are simple and related to the students academic disciplines. The students also proposed that lecturers should increase the number of writing tasks. They believe that by doing so, they would strengthen their abilities in academic writing. In this way the students will be required to write some of the academic writing tasks, if these tasks were addicted with the lectures feedback.The students will be aware of their errors and will try to improve their academic writing after knowing their weak points. This is in line with Russell (1991) who suggested including more writing in disciplinespecific courses because each discipline has its own terminologies of language use and style that can best be taught to students in the specific contexts of courses in the disciplines. WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROBLEMS FACED BY ARAB POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, UUM Fadi Maher Saleh Al-Khasawneh.19 ESP World, Issue 2 (28), Volume 9, 2010, http//www. esp-world. info The students were aware that by providing discipline- specific English materials, they can develop their writing abilities. So, it is advisable for the college to initiate disciplinespecific English classes where materials contain discipline specific register. It is recommended that the students take intensive English courses which are related to their academic disciplines. This is to help familiarize students with the writing demands of their disciplines.This is in line with Jordan (1997) who indicated that the students ar e required to focus on their academic genres and duplication. In other words, the students study genre texts and attempt various exercises that enable them to draw attention to relevant features of a text, and then replicate them in their own writing. Conclusion For the purpose of exploring the problems that Arab postgraduate students at COB might face, an investigating was carried out on the writing tasks that are carried out and the causes of these problems, and suggestions to overcome these problems were provided.Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. The findings of the current study may help the curriculum developers to improve the current curriculum of COB and design Business English courses that could meet learners needs and wants. This coincides with Dudley-Evans (2001) who views ESP as a means to meet the specific needs of the learners. The ESP practitioners can utilize the findings of the study to design ESP courses which deals with the academic writing process.